显微镜检查,电子,透射

摘要： 随着医学科技的发展,眼科病理诊断新技术、新方法不断涌现,极大地推动了眼科病理专业的发展.在纪念《中华眼科杂志》创刊70年之际,回顾我国眼科病理诊断技术的发展和眼科病理学工作者取得的成就,以见证中国眼科病理专业的成长历程,并展望眼科病理诊断技术未来的发展趋势.

摘要： 目的 探讨线粒体病的临床、病理特点.方法 回顾性分析21例线粒体病患者的临床资料,包括骨骼肌病理特点.结果 (1)临床表现:本组线粒体病临床表现复杂多样,主要表现为:骨骼肌易疲劳、视觉症状、癫痫表现、共济失调、智能障碍;部分血清肌酸激酶明显增高;部分患者血乳酸水平增高;肌电图呈肌源性、神经源性受损;部分伴脑电图异常;与血管支配区不相符的白质病变及心脏传导阻滞.(2)骨骼肌病理表现:21例透射电镜下均表现为线粒体数目增多和(或)结构异常.光镜下可有变性、坏死及再生,HE、MGT、琥珀酸脱氢酶染色(SDH)可见不同程度的破碎红纤维(RRF)散在相对正常肌纤维之间;细胞色素C氧化酶(CCO)活性减低、缺失或增高;SDH染色示肌间小血管可见SDH血管壁强染现象.其中CCO活性缺失对慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹综合征(CPEO)具有重要病理诊断价值;线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸中毒以及卒中样发作(MELAS)的RRF出现的频率最高且数目较多,肌间小血管的血管壁强染(SSV)现象更多见.结论 线粒体病临床特点为多系统受累,不同分型线粒体病临床表现具有较大差异,骨骼肌活检发现大量散在RRF或者SSV现象是线粒体病的主要病理表现.

摘要： 背景:前期研究证实三七总皂苷对早期兔酒精性股骨头缺血性坏死骨细胞超微结构形态的修复可以起到良好的促进作用。目的:透射电镜观察三七总皂苷干预兔激素性股骨头缺血坏死骨细胞形态结构变化。方法:9-10周龄健康雄性新西兰兔90只,体质量3.5-4.0kg,由广西中医药大学实验中心提供。采用改良马血清联合甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠造模方法建立兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死模型。实验过程死亡15只,余75只分为生理盐水组、鹿瓜多肽组、三七总皂苷组各25只,分别生理盐水、鹿瓜多肽、三七总皂苷干预治疗5周,透射电镜观察各组骨细胞结构变化。结果与结论:①生理盐水组兔股骨头骨细胞成熟减少,血管内皮细胞受损,线粒体肿胀,嵴结构模糊,核碎裂,脂滴出现;②三七总皂苷组、鹿瓜多肽组兔股骨头骨细胞成熟,血管内皮细胞损伤少,肿胀线粒体减轻,结构清晰,肥大脂肪细胞及脂滴减少;③三七总皂苷组和鹿瓜多肽组骨细胞形态结构变化优于生理盐水组(P<0.05);④结果说明,三七总皂苷干预兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死,对骨细胞形态结构有修复作用。

摘要： Objective To investigate the presence of apolipoprotein A 1 (APOA1) and its function in human spermatozoa. Methods The expression assays for APOA 1 were carried out by immunofluorescence and Western blotting in human sperm cells . Set up a blank control group , rabbit polyclonal IgG group , which contain anti-APOA1 antibody 10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml, to treat normal semen samples and incubated at 37 °Cfor 1 h, 2 h and 3 h.The progressive motility of spermatozoa was determined bya computer-assisted motion analyzer ( CASA ) , apoptosis rate by flow cytometry and ultrastructural changes by electron microscopy .Comparisons of sperm progressive motility and apoptosis rate were performed by independent sample t tests.Results The study showed APOA1 protein mainly located in the sperm head , the molecular size was 31000.A significant decline in sperm progressive motility was observed after 1,2 and 3 hours of incubation with APOA1 antibody.There was a statistically significant difference between the blank control group and the APOA 1 antibody concentration of 20 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml groups [ 1 hour after incubation , blank control group ( 68.65％ ±15.70％) with 20 μg/ml group (48.45％±5.20％), 40 μg/ml group(39.25％±7.89％), t=2.442, 3.345 , both P<0.05;2 hours after incubation, blank control group(55.33％±10.12％) with 20 μg/ml group(28.68％±11.70％), 40μg/ml group(18.13％ ±10.52％), t=3.445, 5.097,both P<0.05; 3 hours after incubation, blank control group(35.73％±14.08％) with 20μg/ml group(15.53％±8.42％), 40μg/ml group(9.98％± 7.08％), t=2.462, 3.268,both P<0.05].After incubation 2 hours, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased from 16.02％ ±4.28％ in the blank control group to 21.72％ ±2.67％ ( 20 μg/ml APOA1 antibody)and 28.01％±3.93％(40 μg/ml APOA1 antibody), respectively (t=3.177, 5.834, both P<0.01).Treatment with 40 μg/ml APOA1 antibody for 4 hours resulted in major morphological changes to sperm cells observed by electron microscope , including membrane distension ,vacuole formation and different periods of apoptosis cells .Conclusion APOA1 plays an important role in maintaining sperm motility and survival rate,however the mechanism needs further study .%目的 研究载脂蛋白A1在人精子中的定位和功能.方法 基础研究.收集2017年10至12月来解放军总医院查体的健康男性精液标本20份.采用免疫荧光和免疫印迹来定位载脂蛋白A1在人精子中的部位.设空白对照组、兔多克隆IgG组、10、20和40μg/ml的APOA1抗体处理健康查体精液标本,37°C温箱孵育1、2和3 h后,通过计算机辅助系统(CASA)观察精子前向运动变化,流式细胞分析仪检测精子的凋亡率和透射电镜观察精子凋亡形态学变化.精子前向运动和凋亡率的变化,采用独立样本t检验.结果 APOA1蛋白主要定位于精子细胞头部,相对分子质量大小为31000.精子前向运动在APOA1抗体孵育1、2和3 h后显著下降,空白对照组与APOA1抗体浓度20μg/ml组和40μg/ml组间差异有统计学意义.孵育1 h后空白对照组(68.65％ ±15.70％)与APOA1抗体浓度20μg/ml组(48.45％±5.20％)和40μg/ml组(39.25％±7.89％)差异有统计学意义,t=2.442和3.345,P均<0.05.孵育2 h后空白对照组(55.33％±10.12％)与APOA1抗体浓度20μg/ml组(28.68％±11.70％)和40μg/ml组(18.13％±10.52％)差异有统计学意义,t=3.445和5.097,P均<0.05.孵育3 h后空白对照组(35.73％±14.08％)与APOA1抗体浓度20μg/ml组(15.53％±8.42％)和APOA1抗体浓度40μg/ml组(9.98％±7.08％)差异有统计学意义,t=2.462和3.268,P均<0.05.APOA1抗体孵育精子2 h后,随着其浓度的增加精子凋亡率逐渐增加,空白对照组(16.02％±4.28％)与抗体浓度20μg/ml组(21.72％ ±2.67％)和40μg/ml组(28.01％ ±3.93％)间差异有统计学意义(t=3.177和5.834,P均<0.01).40μg/ml APOA1抗体处理精子细胞4h后,透射电镜观察到精子出现核空泡、膜疏松、不同凋亡期精子细胞等现象.结论 精子头部APOA1在维持精子活力和调节精子凋亡中发挥一定作用,其作用机制还需进一步的研究.

摘要： 目的 了解老年性上睑下垂患者提上睑肌腱膜组织的病理学特征.方法 前瞻性研究.选取2007至2013年于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院北京同仁眼科中心行提上睑肌缩短术的29例老年性上睑下垂患者,对术中获得切除的右眼或左眼提上睑肌腱膜共29份组织标本分别进行HE染色、Van Gieson染色、Masson三色染色、免疫组织化学染色及透射电镜观察,同时于北京同仁医院眼库选取12份新鲜正常的提上睑肌腱膜组织,进行对照染色及观察.老年性上睑下垂患者提上睑肌腱膜组织与对照标本间各检测指标染色强度与病变严重程度的关系采用Mann-WhitneyU检验,患者提上睑肌腱膜组织病理改变与可疑因素的关系采用多元线性回归分析法.结果 29例老年性上睑下垂患者中男性19例,女性10例;平均年龄59岁;14例为中度上睑下垂,15例为重度上睑下垂;9例双眼发病,9例右眼发病,11例左眼发病.12份对照眼睑组织来自男性5例,女性7例,平均年龄56岁.组织病理学染色结果显示,与对照标本比较,老年性上睑下垂患者提上睑肌腱膜可见肌束破裂(患者标本+++、++、+分别为24、2、3份,对照标本均为阴性;Z=-5.666,P<0.001)、横纹减少(患者标本+++、++、+分别为23、2、4份,对照标本均为阴性;Z=-5.582,P<0.001)、胶原纤维增生(患者标本+++、++、+分别为15、10、4份,对照标本均为阴性;Z=-5.223,P<0.001)、脂肪浸润(患者标本+++、++、+分别为24、5、0份,对照标本均为阴性;Z=-5.671,P<0.001)、肌红蛋白表达降低(患者标本强阳性、中等阳性、弱阳性、阴性分别为9、1、1、15份,对照标本强阳性、中等阳性、弱阳性、阴性分别为8、1、0、0;Z=-3.004,P=0.005).透射电镜观察显示老年性上睑下垂患者提上睑肌腱膜可见线粒体肿胀、增生、空泡、脂滴、核固缩、染色体凝聚、细胞器裂解、髓样体及自噬现象等病变.将可疑相关的临床特征作为自变量,将观察到的组织病理变化作为因变量,经多元线性回归分析发现脂肪浸润与年龄有相关性(标准化回归系数为0.425,P=0.043).结论 老年性上睑下垂患者提上睑肌腱膜组织病理学变化表现为肌纤维的退化性病变、胶原纤维增生及细胞退化性病变.%Objective To observe pathological features of levator aponeurosis in patients with involutional ptosis. Methods A prospective study. Twenty-nine consecutive patients with involutional blepharoptosis who underwent levator aponeurosis advancement surgery for blepharoptosis correction were enrolled at Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from 2007 to 2013. Twenty-nine specimens of the levator aponeurosis were obtained during surgery. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Van Gieson staining, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscope observations were performed to observe the features of levator aponeurosis. Twelve normal specimens of fresh levator aponeurosis were obtained from Beijign Tongren Eyebank as control group. Mann-Whitney's U-test and multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results Among the enrolled cases, there were 19 males and 10 females;14 cases were diagnosed with moderate ptosis and 15 cases with severe ptosis;9 cases involved with both eyes, 9 cases with right eyes, and 11 cases with left eyes. The mean age was 59 years. Among the 12 normal cases, there were 5 males and 7 females. The mean age was 56 years. Histopathological observation showed fascicle disruption(+++, ++, + 24, 2, 3 vs. 0, Z=-5.666, P<0.001), scarcity of cross-striations(+++,++,+23, 2, 4 vs. 0, Z=-5.582, P<0.001), collagen fibers hyperplasia(+++,++,+15, 10, 4 vs. 0, Z=-5.223, P<0.001),fatty infiltration(+++,++,+24, 5, 0 vs. 0, Z=-5.671, P<0.001), and a decrease of myoglobin expression(+++,++,+,-9, 1, 1, 15 vs. 8, 1, 0, 0, Z=-3.004, P=0.005) in levator aponeurosis. Transmission electron microscope recorded presence of collagen fiber hyperplasia and cellular degeneration including mitochondria swelling and hyperplasia, vacuoles, lipid droplets, nucleus pycnosis, chromosome condensation, disintegrated organelles, myeloid body and autophagy. Multivariate linear regression showed a correlation between fat infiltration and age(β=0.425,P=0.043) while suspicious related clinical features as independent variables and observed histopathological features as dependent variables. Conclusion The levator aponeurosis appears to be involved with muscle fiber degeneration, collagen fiber hyperplasia and cellular degeneration in patients with involutional blepharoptosis.

摘要： Objective To investigate ultrahistopathological features of symmetrical acrokeratoderma.Methods Biopsy specimens were obtained from skin lesions and perilesional normalappearing skin of 6 patients with symmetrical acrokeratoderma,as well as from normal skin of 3 healthy volunteers.Then,these skin specimens were subjected to transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results TEM showed obviously thickened stratum corneum,irregular morphology of keratinocytes and discontinuous cornified envelope.Aggregation and abnormal arrangement of keratin filaments occurred in all epidermal layers.Many vacuoles of different sizes were observed in the transitional zone between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum.Hypogranulosis,abnormal shape and different sizes of keratohyalin granules,and reduction of membrane-coating granules were found in the stratum granulosum.Increased melanocytes with a large number of stage Ⅳ melanosomes in the cytoplasm were observed in the basal layers.Moreover,there was infiltration of a few lymphocytes in the superficial dermis.Perilesional normal-appearing skin tissues showed similar but milder ultrastructural changes.Conclusion Abnormal metabolism of keratins,epidermal differentiation complex proteins and lipids may exist in skin lesions of symmetrical acrokeratoderma,which may contribute to epidermal thickening and impairment of skin barrier function.%目的 探讨对称性肢端角化病的超微组织病理特点.方法 收集广东医科大学附属医院皮肤科6例对称性肢端角化病皮损及其周围外观正常皮肤、3例正常人皮肤活检标本,做透射电镜观察.结果 皮损中角质层明显增厚,角化细胞形态不规则,角化包膜不连续;表皮各层角蛋白细丝聚集和排列异常;角质层与颗粒层移行区可见较多大小不等的空泡;颗粒层变薄,透明角质颗粒形态及大小异常,被膜颗粒减少;基底层黑素细胞增多,胞质中有大量Ⅳ期黑素小体;真皮浅层中少数淋巴细胞浸润.皮损周围外观正常皮肤亦有类似超微结构变化,但程度较轻.结论 该病皮损中可能存在角蛋白、表皮分化复合体蛋白及脂质代谢异常,从而导致表皮增厚及屏障功能受损.

摘要： 目的 探讨新辅助化疗对胃癌细胞超微结构的影响与对胃癌组织中核基质结合区结合蛋白质1(Special AT rich sequence binding protein 1,SATB1)表达的关系.方法 对2013年12月至2015年12月江苏省中医院消化系肿瘤外科60例进展期胃癌患者术后癌组织进行超微结构观察,60例中40例行新辅助化疗,其中20例用介入途径(介入组),20例用静脉途径(静脉组),另20例直接行手术治疗为对照组.同时检测新辅助化疗前、后胃癌组织及癌旁组织SATB1的免疫组化表达.结果 对化疗敏感的病例癌细胞的细胞器严重损伤,包括核固缩、线粒体和内质网肿胀;对化疗不敏感的病例癌细胞的细胞器未受破坏或仅轻度损伤,其中介入组细胞损伤程度高于静脉组(P=0.047).在癌细胞损伤明显的病例中,SATB1的表达更加明显(P=0.035).结论 介入法新辅助化疗对胃癌细胞的损伤作用更大.SATB1的表达与胃癌细胞损伤程度相关,可作为评估新辅助化疗疗效新的标志物.

摘要： 目的：探讨黄褐斑组与正常对照组组织病理学及超微结构差异。方法分别取8例黄褐斑患者的皮损组织，16例面部色素痣皮损周围正常组织，分别取2 mm活检，进行HE染色、Fontana⁃Masson染色、Verhoeff⁃van Gieson染色，HMB45、NKI/beteb免疫组化及透射电镜观察。光镜下半定量及计算机图像定量分析。结果黄褐斑组组织病理表现为以基底层、棘层为主的黑素颗粒增多，部分伴真皮黑素颗粒增加。黄褐斑组黑素细胞仅存在于表皮层，较正常皮肤黑素细胞数量无增加，但表皮层黑素细胞体积增大，染色强度增加，树突增多。8例黄褐斑患者均在真皮浅层及毛细血管周围观察到轻到中度的淋巴细胞浸润，8例黄褐斑患者均在真皮浅层观察到轻到中度的毛细血管扩张。电镜：黄褐斑组黑素细胞，角质形成细胞内都含有更多黑素小体，此外，还观察到黑素细胞树突伸入到真皮层。结论8例黄褐斑患者中，仅有表皮型和混合型（表皮真皮型）2型，无单纯真皮型黄褐斑。炎症反应、毛细血管扩张可能引发或加重黄褐斑。%Objective To investigate histopathological and ultrastructural differences between melasma tissues and normal skin tissues around pigmented nevus. Methods Eight patients with melasma and 16 patients with facial pigmented nevus were included in this study. Two millimeter punch biopsies were taken from melasma lesions and adjacent normal skin of facial pigmented nevus. Biopsy specimens were then subjected to hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining, Fonton⁃Masson staining, Verhoeff⁃van Gieson staining, and immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies HMB45 and NKI/beteb. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the tissue specimens. Semi⁃quantitative analysis was performed under a light microscope, and quantitative analysis by using a computerized image analysis system. Results Histopathological study revealed increased number of melanin granules mainly in the basal and prickle cell layers, sometimes in the dermis, in melasma tissues compared with normal skin tissues. Melanocytes were only observed in the epidermis of melasma tissues. Compared with normal skin tissues, melasma tissues showed no significant difference in the quantity of melanocytes, but a significant increase in the volume, staining intensity and dendrite number of melanocytes. In all of the 8 patients with melasma, mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltration was observed in the superficial dermis and around capillaries, with moderate telangiectasis in the superficial dermis. Electron microscopy revealed that there were more melanosomes in melanocytes and keratinocytes, and melanocyte dendrites extended into the dermis in melasma tissues. Conclusions Among the 8 patients, there were only two types of melasma, i.e., epidermal melasma and mixed melasma, and no dermal melasma was found. Inflammation and telangiectasis may induce or aggravate melasma.

摘要： 目的：观察5‐氨基酮戊酸光动力对白念珠菌细胞超微结构的影响，为研究5‐氨基酮戊酸光动力抗菌的作用机制提供理论基础。方法设置实验组（5‐氨基酮戊酸光动力作用后的白念珠菌组）及对照组，分别在透射电镜下观察2组菌株细胞的超微结构。结果透射电镜下，5‐氨基酮戊酸光动力作用后的白念珠菌细胞肿胀变形，细胞壁、细胞膜结构不完整，细胞壁疏松，细胞膜与细胞壁之间间隙大小不一，部分细胞可见细胞壁棉絮状致密外层或细胞膜局灶性缺失的现象。结论5‐氨基酮戊酸光动力对白念珠菌的细胞壁结构具有一定的影响。%Objective To observe the influence of 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic on ultra‐structure of Candida albicans and to provide a theoretical basis forstudyingantifungal mechanism of ALA‐PDT . Methods Ultrastructure of Candida albicans in experimental group(subjected to 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic)and in control group were observed under transmission electron microscope . Results Under transmission electron microscope ,the cells ,after being subjected to 5‐aminolevulinic acid photody‐namic ,presentedswelling deformation ,showing incomplete walland membrane structure . The cell wall was loose ,and the gap between the cell membrane and cell wall varied in sizes . We also observed ,in some cells ,incomplete cell wall structure with electron dense layers and cell membrane discontinuation at localized area . Conclusions 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic may play a role in the structure of cell w all of Candida albicans .

摘要： 目的 探讨白癜风皮损黑素脱失对表皮钙离子分布和角质层板层脂膜超微结构的影响.方法 2014年8月至2015年2月于武汉大学人民医院皮肤科门诊招募稳定期寻常型白癜风患者和健康对照各5例.四氧化钌(RuO4)电子特染结合透射电子显微镜技术观察皮肤标本角质层板层脂膜的超微结构;用钙离子化学捕捉技术结合透射电镜观察表皮钙沉淀颗粒的数量及分布.结果 健康对照皮肤角质层细胞间隙可见排列规整、电子致密带和电子透明带重复交替排列的板层结构;白癜风皮损角质层细胞间隙扩大,板层脂膜分离断裂,出现空泡,空泡内填充有无形电子致密物.健康对照皮肤的颗粒层可见到粗大密集的钙沉淀颗粒,基底层细胞间可见细小的钙沉淀颗粒与Ⅳ期黑素小体;而白癜风皮损的颗粒层钙沉淀颗粒大小和数目较正常对照明显减少,基底层几乎完全缺乏黑素小体.结论 白癜风皮损同时存在表皮钙离子梯度消失和板层脂膜结构紊乱,提示表皮黑素可能与表皮钙梯度形成与渗透性屏障结构完整性相关.%Objective To investigate the effects of melanin disappearance in vitiliginous skin on the ultrastructure of epidermal calcium distribution and the stratum corneum (SC) lipid lamellar membranes.Methods Five outpatients with stable vitiligo vulgaris and 5 healthy controls were recruited from August 2014 to February 2015 at Department of Dermatology,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University.The ultrastructural changes of lipid lamellar membranes of the skin were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique in combination with ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) staining.The concentration and distribution of calcium precipitates in the epidermis were studied using calcium ion-capture cytochemistry combined with TEM.Results The multilayered lipid lamellae existed within the intercellular space of the normal SC with a characteristic alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent pattern.Expanded intercellular space,fragmentation and lamellar separation were observed in the depigmented skin lesions from vitiligo patients,the bulbous regions of lipid lamellae were filled with electron-dense amorphous materials.Large clumps of calcimn precipitates were visualized in the stratum granulosum (SG) of normal skin,fine calcium precipitates and stage Ⅳ melanosomes were noted within the normal stratum basale (SB).In depigmented skin lesions of vitiligo,both the size and number of calcium precipitates in the SG were dramatically decreased.Melanosome was barely seen in the vitiligo SB.Conclusion Disrupted ultrastructure of SC lamellar membranes and disappearance of calcium gradient co-exist in the skin lesion of vitiligo,indicating that melanin in epidermis may play a role in formation of epidermal calcium gradient and maintenance of structural integrity of permeability barrier.

摘要： 本发明描述了一种透射光显微镜，所述透射光显微镜用于对呈井状的包含液体的样品容器(4)成像，其中所述透射光显微镜(1)具有：照明光束路径(B)，所述照明光束路径(B)用于使用照明光束从上方沿着光轴(OA)照亮样品容器(4)，其中所述照明光束路径(B)具有对准光轴的照明元件(3、15)，所述元件将照明光束照射到样品容器(4)上；成像光束路径(A)，所述成像光束路径(A)用于从下方沿着光轴(OA)对样品容器(4)成像；和吸移管进入通道，所述吸移管进入通道用于将试剂引入样品容器中，其中照明元件(3、15)呈环状并且在光轴(OA)上具有开口(7)，所述吸移管进入通道行进通过所述开口。

摘要： 本发明公开了使用环境透射电子显微镜的方法以及环境透射电子显微镜。环境透射电子显微镜遭受气体诱发的分辨率劣化。已发现该劣化并不是样品上的电流密度的函数，而是电子束的总电流的函数。发明人得出结论，劣化是由于ETEM的样品室中的气体的电离而引起的，并且提出使用样品室中的电场来移除电离气体，从而减小气体诱发的分辨率劣化。电场不需要是强场，并且能通过例如使样品114相对于样品室138偏置而引起。经由电压源144施加的100 V的偏置电压足以实现气体诱发的分辨率劣化的显著改善。极化并不是重要的。备选地，能通过例如将电偏置导线或纱网154离轴地放置在样品室中来使用垂直于光轴104的电场。

摘要： 本发明涉及透射电子显微镜样品支撑膜及透射电子显微镜样品的制作方法。所述透射电子显微镜样品支撑膜由多孔微栅支持膜基底和覆于基底上的单层氧化石墨烯薄膜组成，单层氧化石墨烯薄膜的覆盖密度为0.7×10-6～14×10-6mg/mm2多孔微栅，优选为0.7×10-6～3.5×10-6mg/mm2。该种单层氧化石墨烯薄膜可作为透射电子显微镜样品搭载膜来制作透射电子显微镜样品。本发明的有益效果是，设计和制备了一种新的透射电子显微镜样品支撑膜，具有比传统的碳支持膜更薄的厚度、更强的机械强度和更好的材料分散效果；用它来搭载材料进行材料的透射电子显微镜观察，可以获得更高的分辨率和清晰度。

摘要： 本发明涉及一种用于显微镜的、尤其是共焦扫描显微镜的探测光的光学组件，其具有用于被待测量的探测光穿过的射入平面(10)和布置在射入平面下游的用于将探测光(11)引导到探测平面(67)中的探测光路，其中，探测光路具有至少一个第一射束路径(1)，其具有第一光学射束引导器件，尤其是第一透镜和/或反射镜(20、30、34、36、58、60、66)，用于将探测光传导到探测平面中。光学组件在第一射束路径中具有至少一个用于对待测量的探测光在空间上进行光谱分裂的色散装置(26)和用于对在空间上进行了光谱分裂的探测光进行操纵的操纵装置(49)。第一光学射束引导器件与色散装置和操纵装置一起被布置并设立成用于产生射入平面到探测平面中的光谱分离并衍射受限的成像。优选地，光学组件具有第二射束路径(2)，其具有光学射束引导器件和用于选出第一射束路径(1)或第二射束路径(2)的选出装置(22)。在另一方面中，本发明还涉及一种用于显微镜检查的方法以及显微镜。

摘要： 本发明描述了一种透射光显微镜，所述透射光显微镜用于对呈井状的包含液体的样品容器(4)成像，其中所述透射光显微镜(1)具有：照明光束路径(B)，所述照明光束路径(B)用于使用照明光束从上方沿着光轴(OA)照亮样品容器(4)，其中所述照明光束路径(B)具有对准光轴的照明元件(3、15)，所述元件将照明光束照射到样品容器(4)上；成像光束路径(A)，所述成像光束路径(A)用于从下方沿着光轴(OA)对样品容器(4)成像；和吸移管进入通道，所述吸移管进入通道用于将试剂引入样品容器中，其中照明元件(3、15)呈环状并且在光轴(OA)上具有开口(7)，所述吸移管进入通道行进通过所述开口。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种用于对象(O)的扫描显微镜检查成像的光学显微镜检查探头(10)。所述探头具有光学窗口(22)和光导(2)，所述光导具有刚性地耦合至该光导的末端部分的物镜(6)。所述光导以能够移位的方式安装于外壳21的横向，使得能够实现感兴趣区域(ROI)中的光学扫描。中继透镜单元(25)被刚性地安装到所述探头的远端(23)，并且所述中继透镜单元具有第一透镜(25a)、第二透镜(25b)和反射镜(25c)，所述中继透镜单元相对于所述物镜被光学布置为允许通过所述外壳的光学窗口进行扫描显微镜检查。本发明有利于获得探头可用视场的改进，因为能够移位的物镜与中继透镜单元之间的协作可以至少部分地补偿物镜的相对有限的自由工作距离。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种用于对象(O)的扫描显微镜检查成像的光学显微镜检查探头(10)。所述探头具有光学窗口(22)和光波导(2)，所述光波导具有刚性地耦合至该光波导的末端部分的物镜(6)。所述光波导以能够移位的方式安装于外壳21的横向，使得能够实现感兴趣区域(ROI)中的光学扫描。中继透镜单元(25)被刚性地安装到所述探头的远端(23)，并且所述中继透镜单元具有第一透镜(25a)、第二透镜(25b)和反射镜(25c)，所述中继透镜单元相对于所述物镜被光学布置为允许通过所述外壳的光学窗口进行扫描显微镜检查。本发明有利于获得探头可用视场的改进，因为能够移位的物镜与中继透镜单元之间的协作可以至少部分地补偿物镜的相对有限的自由工作距离。

摘要： 本发明提供一种利用电子显微镜进行观察的方法、和用于该方法的真空下的蒸发抑制用组合物、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜，使用所述电子显微镜能够在存活的状态下观察生物试样，并且可以观察活动情况。本发明的利用电子显微镜观察试样的方法包括以下工序：在试样表面应用含有选自两亲性化合物、油脂类及离子液体中的至少1种的蒸发抑制用组合物形成薄膜，从而利用薄膜覆盖该试样的工序；和在显示装置上显示收容于真空下的试样室的用该薄膜覆盖的试样的电子显微镜图像的工序。

摘要： 本发明公开了使用环境透射电子显微镜的方法以及环境透射电子显微镜。环境透射电子显微镜遭受气体诱发的分辨率劣化。已发现该劣化并不是样品上的电流密度的函数，而是电子束的总电流的函数。发明人得出结论，劣化是由于ETEM的样品室中的气体的电离而引起的，并且提出使用样品室中的电场来移除电离气体，从而减小气体诱发的分辨率劣化。电场不需要是强场，并且能通过例如使样品114相对于样品室138偏置而引起。经由电压源144施加的100V的偏置电压足以实现气体诱发的分辨率劣化的显著改善。极化并不是重要的。备选地，能通过例如将电偏置导线或纱网154离轴地放置在样品室中来使用垂直于光轴104的电场。

摘要： 本发明涉及透射电子显微镜样品支撑膜及透射电子显微镜样品的制作方法。所述透射电子显微镜样品支撑膜由多孔微栅支持膜基底和覆于基底上的单层氧化石墨烯薄膜组成，单层氧化石墨烯薄膜的覆盖密度为0.7×10-6～14×10-6mg/mm2多孔微栅，优选为0.7×10-6～3.5×10-6mg/mm2。该种单层氧化石墨烯薄膜可作为透射电子显微镜样品搭载膜来制作透射电子显微镜样品。本发明的有益效果是，设计和制备了一种新的透射电子显微镜样品支撑膜，具有比传统的碳支持膜更薄的厚度、更强的机械强度和更好的材料分散效果；用它来搭载材料进行材料的透射电子显微镜观察，可以获得更高的分辨率和清晰度。