摘要：
[Objectives] Clarify of farmers’ nutrient input situation in winter wheat is the base for scientific suggestion in winter wheat nutrient resource managements in Shaanxi Province, which is the aim of this survey.[Methods] A five-year consecutive investigation was carried out to define farmers nutrient input status in winter wheat production in two winter wheat production areas, Weibei and Guanzhong of Shaanxi Province. [Results] The obtained results show that the wheat yields in Weibei are low and unstable because of rainfall distribution uneven from year to year, and the average yield of this area is 3473 kg / hm2 , while the wheat yields in Guanzhong are high and stable with an average of 5882 kg / hm2 because of irrigation supplication. Only 29. 7% of farmers apply reasonable amount of nitrogen fertilizer in Weibei area, while 20. 2% is in high amount, 43. 5% is the highest amounts, 4. 6% is low and 2. 0% is the lowest, and the average rate is N 197. 6 kg / hm2 . In Guanzhong area, only 17. 5% of farmers apply reasonable amount of nitrogen fertilizer, while 20. 3% is high, 37. 5% is the highest, 14. 2% is low and 10. 5% is the lowest, and the average rate is N 199. 2 kg / hm2 . The average phosphate fertilizer that farmer applied is rational, but over-applied and inadequate applied coexist. Only 12. 0% of farmers apply reasonable amount of phosphate fertilizer in Weibei area, while 41. 5% is low, 10. 7% is the lowest, 26. 7% is high and 9. 2% is the highest, and the average rate is P2 O5 123. 4 kg / hm2 . In Guanzhong area, only 14. 3% of farmers apply reasonable amount of phosphate fertilizer, while 27. 2% is low, 13. 8% is the lowest, 31. 0% is high and 13. 7% is the highest, and the average rate is P2 O5 141. 6 kg / hm2 . Potassium fertilizer apply amount is K2 O 32. 9 kg / hm2 in Weibei, while K2 O 37. 3 / hm2 in Guanzhong. More than 90% of farmers apply inadequate potassium fertilizer. The base fertilizer is the main nutrients for winter wheat, and the topdressing is supplementary. The average base fertilizer application amounts are N 189. 9 and 185. 4 kg / hm2 in Weibei and Guanzhong respectively which account for 96. 1% and 93. 1% of whole nitrogen nutrient input in the two areas. The topdressing application amounts are N 7. 7 and 13. 8 kg / hm2 in Weibei and Guanzhong respectively which only account for 3. 9% and 6. 9% of whole nitrogen nutrients input. Chemical fertilizers are the main nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, while organic manure is supplementary. The average nitrogen amounts from organic manure are N 4. 7 and 3. 1 kg / hm2 in Weibei and Guanzhong respectively, only account for 2. 4% and 1. 6% of whole nitrogen nutrient inputs in the two areas, while the average P2 O5 nutrients from organic manure are 2. 4 and 1. 7 kg / hm2 in Weibei and Guanzhong respectively, only account for 1. 9% and 1. 2%. The average nitrogen nutrients from chemical fertilizers are N 192. 9 and 196. 0 kg / hm2 in Weibei and Guanzhong respectively, and the average P2 O5 are 120. 8 and 139. 9 kg / hm2 from chemical fertilizers respectively. The average PFP of N, P2 O5 and K2 O are 20. 0, 33. 3 and 83. 5 kg / kg in Weibei area respectively, and 36. 8, 53. 9 and 131. 8 kg / kg in Guanzhong area respectively. Urea and ammonium bicarbonate are the most favorite nitrogen fertilizer varieties applied for winter wheat which are selected by farmers in Weibei area, there are 55. 7% of farmers selecting urea and 47. 2%selecting ammonium bicarbonate in this area. But in Guanzhong area, the farmers’ favorite nitrogen fertilizer is urea, 42. 8% of farmers select urea for winter wheat. The calcium superphosphate is the most favorite phosphorus fertilizer for wheat in Weibei area, the selecting percentage is 50. 2% . But in Guanzhong area, the favorite phosphorus fertilizer is diammonium phosphate with selecting percentage of 40. 2% . Compound fertilizer application area has been increasing year by year, there are 30. 8% and 40. 2% of farmers applied it in Weibei and Guanzhong areas respectively. Organic manure is not often applied by farmers, and the application percentages of farmers keep decreasing in recent years. The percentage of farmers applying organic manure was 10. 0% and 11. 7% in Weibei and Guanzhong in 2008 -2009, but it was decreased to only 0. 8% and 0. 8% in 2012 -2013. [Conclusion] In the whole province of Shaanxi, the nitrogen fertilizer amounts for winter wheat are much more than necessary; the phosphate fertilizer is averagely reasonable, but the excessive and insufficient coexist; the potassium fertilizer applications are not fully recognized, the organic manure inputs are seriously deficient. The topdressing of fertilizer should be supplementary for higher efficiency.%【目的】明确陕西省小麦施肥现状,对陕西省小麦养分资源管理进行科学指导。【方法】选取2个小麦主产区一年一熟区渭北旱塬和一年两熟区关中平原连续5年进行农户施肥调查。【结果】渭北旱塬小麦产量由于年季间降水不均表现出低而不稳的趋势,年均产量3473 kg/ hm2；关中平原由于补灌小麦产量年季间波动较小,年均5882 kg/ hm2。渭北和关中绝大多数农户施氮过量,渭北20．2%农户施氮偏高,43．5%很高,施氮合理的仅占29．7%,偏低的占4．6%,很低的仅有2．0%,氮肥平均用量为 N 197．6 kg/ hm2；关中20．3%农户施氮偏高,37．5%很高,施氮合理的仅占17．5%,偏低的占14．2%,很低的仅有10．5%,平均施氮量为 N 199．2 kg/ hm2。陕西省农户磷肥投入总量基本合理,但投入偏低和偏高并存,渭北磷肥平均投入量适中的农户占12．0%,偏低的占41．5%,很低的10．7%,偏高的26．7%,很高的9．2%,磷肥投入平均 P2 O5123．4 kg/ hm2；关中磷肥平均投入量适中的农户占14．3%,偏低的占27．2%,很低的13．8%,偏高的31．0%,很高的13．7%,平均为 P2 O5141．6 kg/ hm2。渭北旱塬小麦钾投入平均 K2 O 32．9 kg/ hm2,关中平原为 K2 O 37．3 kg/ hm2,渭北和关中超过90%农户钾肥投入不足。陕西省冬小麦养分投入以基施为主,追施为辅,渭北和关中冬小麦氮素平均基施量为 N 189．9和185．4 kg/ hm2,占氮素总投入的96．1%和93．1%,追施量 N 7．7和13．8 kg/ hm2,仅占3．9%和6．9%。陕西省冬小麦氮磷养分投入以化肥为主,有机肥为辅,渭北和关中有机肥投入的氮素平均仅有 N 4．7和 3．1 kg/ hm2,仅占全部氮素投入的2．4%和1．6%,P2 O5平均2．4和1．7 kg/ hm2,占1．9%和1．2%,而化肥投入的氮、磷相对较大,渭北和关中氮素平均 N 192．9和196．0 kg/ hm2,P2 O5平均120．8和139．9 kg/ hm2来自化肥。渭北 N、 P2 O5和 K2 O 平均 PFP(化肥偏生产力)分别为20．0 kg/ kg、33．3 kg/ kg 和83．5 kg/ kg；关中 PFP 分别为36．8 kg/ kg、53．9 kg/ kg 和131．8 kg/ kg。陕西省渭北旱塬冬小麦基肥中尿素和碳铵是农户较为喜欢的氮肥品种,平均有55．7%和47．2%的农户选用；而关中农户较为喜欢的氮肥品种为尿素,有42．8%农户选用。普钙是渭北农户较为喜欢的磷肥品种,平均有50．2%的农户施用；而关中农户较为喜欢的磷肥品种为磷酸二铵,有40．2%的农户施用。复合肥施肥面积逐年增加,渭北和关中平均有30．8%和40．2%的农户施用。有机肥施肥农户较少且在逐年下降,渭北和关中由20082009年的10．0%和11．7%减少到20122013年的0．8%和0．8%。【结论】陕西省农户小麦施肥存在氮肥过量,磷肥施用过量和不足并存,钾肥重视不足,有机肥投入偏少,追肥偏少等问题。
