异交率

摘要： [目的]研究RN型大豆细胞质雄性不育系、保持系雌性育性差异,明确RN型大豆细胞质雄性不育系是否存在雌性育性降低的现象,探讨不育系雌性育性与异交率的相关性.[方法]首先在200余份RN型细胞质雄性不育系中,依据异交结实率高低,选择有代表性的不育系及保持系6对;然后通过网室内投放蜜蜂传粉对不育系进行异交率鉴定,确定不育系的异交率高低水平;再对6份不育系利用同一父本恢复系进行不去雄人工杂交试验,明确不同异交结实率不育系在接受外来花粉受精结实方面是否存在差异;最后利用同一恢复系作共同父本,通过去雄、不去雄人工平行杂交方法,研究不育系及对应保持系间杂交成活率差异,对6份不育系及6份对应保持系雌性育性进行分析,同时分析不育系异交率与雌性育性的相关性.[结果]网室异交率鉴定表明,供试6份不育系异交率存在显著差异,最高达49.46％,最低仅15.94％.6份不育系在人工授粉杂交成活率上也存在显著差异,高异交率不育系(JLCMS101A和JLCMS82A)杂交成活率显著高于中、低异交率不育系,中异交率不育系(JLCMS9A和JLCMS47h)杂交成活率显著高于低异交率不育系(JLCMS89A和JLCMS31A).人工去雄平行杂交成活率,高、中异交率不育系显著高于低异交率不育系;高、中、低异交率保持系间杂交成活率无显著差异;杂交成活率在高、中异交率不育系与对应保持系间无显著差异,而低异交率不育系的杂交成活率显著低于其对应保持系的杂交成活率.人工不去雄平行杂交成活率,高异交率不育系杂交成活率显著高于中、低异交率不育系杂交成活率;高、中、低异交率保持系间杂交成活率无显著差异;高、中异交率不育系的杂交成活率与对应保持系的杂交成活率无显著差异,而低异交率不育系的杂交成活率则显著低于其对应保持系的杂交成活率.[结论]在大豆RN型细胞质雄性不育系中,高异交率不育系雌性育性正常,低异交率不育系中存在因雌性育性差而影响正常结实的情况,雌性育性差是造成其异交结实性低的原因之一,不同异交率不育系对应保持系雌性育性均正常;不育系网室异交率与不育系去雄杂交成活率呈极显著正相关,不育系网室异交率与不育系不去雄杂交成活率也呈极显著正相关.去雄和不去雄平行杂交结果均可用于鉴定不育系的雌性育性.

摘要： 转基因小麦基因漂移的研究有助于建立防止外源基因逃逸以及小麦品种间种质污染.以抗小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)转基因冬小麦品种N12-1为花粉供体,以扬麦158和矮杆败育小麦为花粉受体,平行设置2种不同面积(100和400 m2)的花粉源,通过调查距花粉源不同距离处转基因小麦的基因漂移频率,研究了花粉源大小及不同品种对转基因小麦基因漂移的影响.结果表明,花粉源大小对小麦基因漂移频率没有显著影响;不同花粉受体材料中的基因漂移频率有显著差异,在0和2 m处矮杆败育小麦中的基因漂移频率显著偏高;小麦的基因漂移频率随着距花粉源距离的增加显著下降,5 m以后降为0.研究结果表明花粉竞争是影响转基因小麦基因漂移的主要因素,距离隔离是控制小麦花粉介导的基因漂移的最有效措施之一.%Studying gene flow of transgenic wheat helps establish a corresponding strategy to prevent transgene escape and germplasm contamination between compatible wheat genotypes. An experiment was carried out using transgenic wheat with resistance to wheat yellow mosaic virus(WYMV)as pollen donor,and Yangmai 158 and dwarf male-sterile wheat as pol-len receptors,and two plots of the transgenic wheat,different in size(100 and 400 m2)and laid out in parallel as pollen sources. Gene flow frequency was monitored at different intervals from the pollen source to investigate effects of size of the pollen source and competition between pollens on gene flow of the transgenic wheat. Results show that size of the pollen source did not significantly affect transgene flow frequency, but variety of the two pollen receptors did. The male-sterile dwarf wheat was found to be significantly higher in transgene flow frequency at distance intervals of 0 and 2 m from the pol-len source. The gene flow frequency of transgenic wheat declined dramatically with increasing distance from the source and was reduced to 0 over the test distance of 5 m. All the findings indicate that pollen competition may be a major factor influ-encing transgene flow and isolation by distance is one of the most effective methods to control pollen-mediated gene flow in wheat.

摘要： Outcrossing rate is a probability occurrence of hybridization between different individual plants.Soybean is a kind of typical self-pollinating crops and its natural outcrossing rate is low.To achieve high seed production yield and low cost in hybrid soybean breeding prac-tice, outcrossing is the most key technical requirements for high performance.Research progress of outcrossing rate, influencing factors on out-crossing rate and research methods on outcrossing rate were reviewed and its research was prospected .%异交率是植物不同个体间发生杂交的概率.大豆是一种典型的自花授粉作物,天然异交率低.在杂交大豆育种实践中,要实现制种产量高、成本低的目标,最关键的技术要求是异交性能优良.从异交率研究进展、影响异交率的因素、研究异交率的方法三个方面进行综述,并对其研究进行展望.

摘要： As a second-class endangered plant in China,Fritillaria unibracteata is one of the main source plants for Chinese medicine Chuanbeimu which has high medical value.Based on observation and seven kinds of floral organ operation using the natural pollination as the control,the phenology,pollinating modes of the domesticated plant cultivated in Zhang county were studied in order to reveal its pollinating and seed-set traits,it means to explore breeding strategy and provide a scientific basis for wild domesticated cultivation of the medical plant.The results showed that the plant type was obviously diversified under imitating the wild agricultural field conditions,which turned green at the end of next March when cultivated by the bulbs,among which the most was one-leaf plants accompanying a few multiple-leaf ones with sparse abloom ones.The abloom plants increased with growth year elongation,appeared buds and flowers during May,showed capsules in the middle June and matured seeds in the middle to end of July,and then successionally perished afterwards.The plant continued growth with flower development and reached 10.18～19.26 cm of plant height during anthesis.It resulted in 75.0％ of seed-set rate in nature but showed slimsy result when bagged with paper after castration,more than 80 ％ of outcrossing rate by manual and 70 ％ in nature,incidentally 30％ of self compatibility.There were (110±22) grains of seeds in a capsule and the average 100-seed fresh weight was (94.53±53.62) mg.The flower visitors included bees,flies,spiders,and ants.All above indicated that this small plant belonged to the cross-pollination reproduction type without parth enogenesis,partially self compatibility.This plant was Mainly pollinated by insects,and also likely to be pollinated by wind.The special pollination and fruit-set traits of the plant may be the result from its chronic adaptation to the extremely cold environment.%暗紫贝母(Fritillaria unibracteata)是药材川贝母的基原植物之一,属国家二级保护植物.以自然授粉为对照,采用观察和7种花器操作对漳县荒坡地驯化栽培暗紫贝母开花物候和传粉方式进行了研究,旨在揭示其传粉结实特性,探寻繁种策略,为野生驯化扩繁提供科学依据.结果表明:仿野生农田环境条件下,暗紫贝母株型多样化趋势明显,2013年采用鳞茎播种的暗紫贝母次年3月下旬返青,返青株以单叶株为主,多叶株少量,开花株稀少.随栽培年限延长,多叶株和开花株比率提高,单株开花数增多.开花株5月上旬现蕾,下旬进入盛花期,6月中旬蒴果成形,7月中下旬种子成熟倒苗,花蕾期茎叶持续生长,株高10.18～19.26 cm.自然结实率75.0％,去雄套纸袋不结实,人工异交率80％以上,自然异交率70％,自交率低于30％,单果结种子(110±22)粒,百粒鲜重(94.53±53.62)mg.访花昆虫有蜂类、蝇类、蜘蛛和蚂蚁等.说明这种小株植物不存在无融合生殖现象,属异花授粉类型,部分自交亲和,传粉媒介以虫媒为主,风媒为辅,暗紫贝母特有的物候、株形多样化和传粉特性是其长期适应高寒恶劣多变环境的结果.

摘要： 以山西省农业科学院作物研究所棉花远缘杂交课题组近年来培育出的综合性状优良、柱头外露长度不同的4份长柱头材料为研究对象,分析研究了不同授粉方式、不同时段授粉、不同柱长不同时间杂交授粉等方面的差异性,并对杂交种主要经济性状的杂种优势指数进行了测定.结果表明,可以利用长柱头棉花不去雄授粉来简化去雄工序,提高杂交效率;柱头外露长度不同,异交率也不同;生产上宜选用柱头外露长度在10 mm以上、异交率在95％以上且具有较强杂种优势潜力的优良株系来进行转育或杂交制种,一般于8:00-10:00杂交效果最好.%Four long-stigma materials with good comprehensive characters and different stigma length were studied in recent years.Their otherness were analyzed in different pollination methods,pollination at different times different periods of pollination,different column length and different pollination time,etc.The heterosis indices of major economic characters of hybrids were determined.The result showed that the efficiency of hybridization was improved by using long stigma cotton pollination to simplify the emasculation pr~ess.The length of stigma exserted was different,and the outcrossing rate was different.The excellent lines,which had 10 mm length of stigma exsertion,outcrossing rate in more than 95％ and had strong heterosis,was cross breeding or hybrid seed production in production,and the hybrid effect was the best in general 8:00-10:00.

摘要： [Objective]The objective of this study was to reveal the genetic variation in parents and progenies and the effects of mating patterns on genetic diversity of the progenies. Furthermore,it also provides a scientific basis for the genetic management of the seed orchard of Schima superba.[Method]The study site is located in Lanxi nursery,Zhejiang province. A total of 44 parent trees and 328 open-pollinated progenies from 11 clones in the seed orchard of S. superba were analyzed using 13 polymorphic SSR loci. [Result]We detected 5 -9 and 5 -11 alleles (Na) respectively in parent and progeny population,with an average of 6. 286 and 7. 786,respectively. The effective number of alleles ( Ne ) was 3. 097 and 3. 751 in parent and progeny population,respectively. The Na and Ne in progeny population was 1. 500 and 0. 654 larger than those in the parent population,respectively. The progeny population had all alleles detected in maternal population,and one to five alleles not detected in the maternal population. The level of genetic diversity of the progeny population ( He = 0. 600 ) was slightly smaller than that of the parent population ( He = 0. 632 ) . The observed heterozygosity (Ho) was higher in the progenies than in the parents,but not significantly different. The results indicated that the genetic uniformity and the proportion of observed heterozygosity in the progenies displayed an increase compared to the parents,but not at a significant level. The Shannon’s information index ( I) and Nei’s genetic diversity ( h) was 1. 152 and 0. 611 in progeny population,respectively. The value of I and h were all basically consistent with the parent population. There was an obvious heterozygosis excess in progeny population ( F = -0. 143 ) . Results from multilocus mating system analysis revealed that the multilocus outcrossing rate in the seed orchard was 1. 000 and the single-locus outcrossing rate (ts) was 0. 939,and there was no significant inbreeding between parents (tm - ts =0. 061). A slight biparental inbreeding was detected in this seed orchard. We found a small number of effective pollen donors (Nep =2. 3). The D-value between multilocus correlation of paternity and singlelocus correlation of paternity ( rp(s ) -rp(m) ) was 0. 012 >0,indicating that only few pollen donors were close relative relationship. The difference of correlation of paternity ( rp ) between the 11 families was from 0. 210 to 0. 762 . And the number of valid pollen donor was 1. 3 -4. 8 ,showed that the degree of correlation was inconsistent among paternal parents,the highest was clone 31,and the lowest was clone 48. However,outcrossing rate was not significantly different among parents (tm: 0. 092 -1. 073),and a few selfing events were detected in some families ( No. 31: tm - ts = 0. 107;No. 9: tm - ts = 0. 117 ) .[Conclusion]There was a high outcrossing rate,and a lower biparental inbreeding in this seed orchard. Gene exchange among clones was relatively sufficient,and genetic diversity in the progenies was kept as high as in the parents.%【目的】研究木荷种子园遗传多样性和交配系统，揭示种子园交配机制对后代遗传多样性的影响以及亲、子代遗传多样性变化规律，为木荷种子园遗传管理提供科学依据。【方法】以浙江省兰溪苗圃木荷种子园自由授粉子代为研究对象，运用13对 SSR引物，对种子园内44个亲本及11个无性系的328个子代进行分析。【结果】在亲本群体中检测到等位基因数(Na)5～9个不等，平均为6.286，有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.097；在子代群体中检测到5～11个等位基因(Na)，平均为7.786，较亲本群体高出1.500个等位基因，子代群体的有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.751，较亲本群体高出0.654个有效等位基因。子代群体包含亲本群体所有的等位基因，此外，还检测到1～5个子代特有等位基因。亲本群体遗传多样性水平适中(He =0.632)，子代群体遗传多样性(He =0.600)比亲本略有降低，观测杂合度(Ho)略高于亲本，说明子代群体中实际观察到的杂合单株占全部单株的比例均较亲本有所增加，但差异不大。子代群体Nei’s基因多样度(h)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.611和1.152，均与亲本群体基本保持一致。子代群体的 F值为－0.143，存在杂合子过剩。多位点交配系统分析( MLTR)结果表明：种子园异交率较高，多位点异交率(tm)为1.000，单位点异交率(ts)为0.939，亲本的近交现象不显著(tm －ts =0.061)，只有较少的双亲近交事件发生；但有效花粉供体数目较少(Nep =2.3)，单位点和多位点父本相关性的差值 rp(s)－rp(m)=0.012＞0，表明只有小部分花粉供体是近亲关系。参试11个家系间异交率不存在明显差异(tm为0.992～1.073)，少数存在近交现象(31号： tm －ts =0.107；9号： tm －ts =0.117)。11个家系的父本相关性( rp )和有效花粉供体数目变化较大，分别为0.210～0.762和1.3～4.8，说明各家系的父本相关性程度不一致，其中31号最高，最低的是48号。【结论】木荷种子园异交率高，近交现象不明显；无性系之间基因交流相对充分，遗传多样性丰富，子代能保持亲本所具有的较高的遗传多样性。

摘要： 选育高异交率不育系是降低种子生产成本,适应直播、机插等轻简栽培对种子需求量大的最有效手段.以自主选育的三系不育系414A和全丰A为材料,在福建将乐和海南三亚生态条件下对其开花习性进行对比研究.结果表明,相同生态条件下,414A的柱头外露率比全丰A高6.33%~15.84%,414A柱头活力的持续时间比全丰A长.

摘要： 对自交亲和植物交配系统进行估测,有利于了解植物的繁殖状态、自异交进化的轨迹和特定种群的自然历史或选择压力。自交亲和的野慈姑有性繁殖和克隆繁殖并存,且其花序内和无性系分株间存在雌雄花同时开放的现象即给自交带来了机会。本研究利用SSR标记估测野慈姑自然种群的异交水平,并比较分析异交率估测中荧光定量法的准确性和优势,探讨野慈姑不同自然种群微卫星位点的多态性。结果表明,从28对SSR引物中筛选出3对多态性较高的引物,其多种群水平的位点数分别是5、6、6;对1个自然种群的6棵植株共计31个果实的异交率进行估测,其整体异交率为92.87%±2.5%,揭示了野慈姑自然种群的交配系统以异交为主,且无性繁殖对后代的贡献有限;单引物水平下,荧光定量技术检测出的多态性位点数和杂合率均高于NativePAGE成像电泳,且其对异交率估测的结果也更准确;另外,从检测效率实验耗时和实验成本等方面综合分析,本研究推荐使用荧光定量技术。

摘要： 本研究对菜心自交系间异交率和组合优势进行了测定,在自然条件下其异交率一般达80﹪以上,高者可接近100﹪,表现出一定的杂种优势,从而为菜心高代自交系间杂种一代优势利用提供了理论依据.

摘要： 本研究以紫花的抗草甘膦转基因大豆京引豆-01为供体，以白花的不同栽培大豆品种和野生大豆为受体，受体与供体材料间隔种植，成熟时收获受体植株的种子，检测异交率。检测结果表明，不同栽培品种的异交率差异明显(0.03％～0t.58％)，半野生品种的异交率为1.32％，以野生大豆异交率最高(7.82％)。对花粉逃逸植株的基因组DNA及以京引豆-01为父本、淮丁127为母本的F2代群体进行PCR检测，发现部分杂种及F2植株中能检测到外源CaMV35S启动子、NOS终止子和目的基因CP4EPSPS。说明抗草甘膦转基因大豆的外源基因可通过花粉向非转基因栽培大豆和野生大豆逃逸，并整合到非转基因大豆或野生大豆基因组中向后代传递。因此，在我国种植转基因大豆应采取谨慎的态度。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种提高籼型杂交水稻制种异交结实率的方法，涉及杂交水稻制种技术领域，包括父母本水稻的间隔栽培，花期的辅助悬浮授粉操作。本发明利用辅助授粉机构在前后移动过程中将花粉扬起并吹送至母本厢上方，并能够在母本厢的稻穗处形成花粉悬浮层，增加花粉与柱头的结合成功率，有效提升了异交结实率，减少了授粉次数，提高了授粉成功率。本方法可以在任何风向和风速条件下进行授粉操作，不会因风向和风速而影响制种结实率，受气象条件约束较小，工作效率高，适合大规模制种生产。

摘要： 本发明提供了一种水稻花柱长度基因qSYL3及其连锁标记和在高异交结实率水稻核不育系选育中的应用，属于水稻分子育种技术领域。本发明通过对水稻花柱长度性状的初定位和精细定位，以及对水稻花柱长度性状紧密连锁标记的开发得到了控制水稻花柱长度的长花柱等位基因qSYL3‑k及其连锁标记D30。采用杂交、回交和连锁标记D30辅助选择相结合的选育方法，再结合育性观察和异交结实率调查，筛选到了长花柱、高异交结实率的水稻光温敏核不育系新品系。利用本发明选育的长花柱、高异交结实率的水稻光温敏核不育新品系进行杂交水稻制种，可显著提高杂交水稻制种产量、降低制种成本、增加种植效益。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种高柱头外露率和高异交率亚麻雄性不育系的选育方法，该方法以温敏型隐性核不育系为母本，以具有的大柱头和柱头外露率且明显高于花药的亚麻资源为父本，配制杂交组合。对分离后代F2‑F5进行柱头外露性状、不育性及农艺性状进行选择，F6代后对稳定株系进行生态鉴定和异交率鉴定，选育高柱头外露率高异交率亚麻雄性不育系。育成新不育系柱头外露明显，接收外来花粉能力和异交结实率显著提高。

摘要： 本发明提供了一种提高大豆轮回群体核雄性不育系天然异交率的方法，其包括以下步骤：品种选择，选择不同生育期的春大豆和夏大豆品种，与大豆雄性不育材料进行混合；试验地选择，选择有传粉昆虫的山区平地，前茬种玉米、水稻；整地；播种，将步骤S1混合好的大豆种子进行撒播；田间管理，播种后喷除草剂进行封闭，苗期不间苗，杂草随见随除，中耕除草培土，并进行病虫害防治，但整个开花期不杀虫，后期进行豆荚螟防治；采收。采用本发明的技术方案，通过选择不同生育期的春大豆品种和不同生育期的夏大豆品种搭配与雄性不育材料混合种植，通过品种选择和田间管理方法等，显著提高了大豆雄性不育材料的天然异交率。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种高柱头外露率和高异交率亚麻雄性不育系的选育方法，该方法以温敏型隐性核不育系为母本，以具有的大柱头和柱头外露率且明显高于花药的亚麻资源为父本，配制杂交组合。对分离后代F2-F5进行柱头外露性状、不育性及农艺性状进行选择，F6代后对稳定株系进行生态鉴定和异交率鉴定，选育高柱头外露率高异交率亚麻雄性不育系。育成新不育系柱头外露明显，接收外来花粉能力和异交结实率显著提高。

摘要： 本发明提供了一种dCAPS标记区分异交率大豆雄性不育系的方法，用于鉴定大豆细胞质雄性不育系异交率的高或者低，将为拓宽大豆CMS种质资源和鉴别高异交率和低异交率不育系提供方便快捷的途径。从高异交率的不育系和低异交率不育系中发现存在的差异SNP，在跨SNP的区域侧翼序列设计引物进行PCR扩增，扩增的产物片段大小通过限制性内切酶酶切可以将高异交率的雄性不育系和低异交率不育系区分出来，条带清晰，重复性好，可靠性强，这种应用基于SNP和内切酶结合的标记可以鉴定出育种过程中高异交率的不育系，为制种过程中高效的选择母本，降低制种成本提供保障。

摘要： 本发明介绍了一种水稻高异交率光温敏不育系的选育及其种子的生产方法，其特征在于利用起点温度低、综合农艺性状好的光温敏不育系Y58S与C815S的后代不育株和Y58S与持久抗稻瘟病品种魔王谷、广占63S的三交后代不育株进行有性杂交选育出水稻高异交率光温敏不育系“吨S”以及利用“吨S”产生的水稻品种种子。水稻高异交率光温敏不育系“吨S”是一个具有起点温度低、株叶形态优良、异交率高、耐高温能力强、稻瘟病抗性强，集“生产成本低、丰产稳产、抗病抗逆”于一体的水稻新品种。

摘要： 本发明涉及水稻育种技术领域，具体公开了一种高异交率高配合力两用核不育系的选育方法，包括如下步骤：以具有不同遗传背景，且其中含有起码一个两系不育系的两个以上的亲本相互杂交；按单株收F

摘要： 本发明提供了一种提高大豆轮回群体核雄性不育系天然异交率的方法，其包括以下步骤：品种选择，选择不同生育期的春大豆和夏大豆品种，与大豆雄性不育材料进行混合；试验地选择，选择有传粉昆虫的山区平地，前茬种玉米、水稻；整地；播种，将步骤S1混合好的大豆种子进行撒播；田间管理，播种后喷除草剂进行封闭，苗期不间苗，杂草随见随除，中耕除草培土，并进行病虫害防治，但整个开花期不杀虫，后期进行豆荚螟防治；采收。采用本发明的技术方案，通过选择不同生育期的春大豆品种和不同生育期的夏大豆品种搭配与雄性不育材料混合种植，通过品种选择和田间管理方法等，显著提高了大豆雄性不育材料的天然异交率。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种鉴定自花授粉植物异交率的方法，涉及作物杂交选育技术领域。鉴定方法包括选择待测的自花授粉植株作为母本，选择携带抗除草剂基因的自花授粉植株作为父本进行杂交，统计子代抗除草剂的植株数量，根据子代抗除草剂的植株数量鉴定所述待测的自花授粉植物的异交率。该方法应用后代检测方法，可以对自花授粉植物进行异交率性状的评估，省去了多代回交转育不育系的中间环节，降低了制种成本。