land

摘要： [Objectives]The paper was to explore the spatio-temporal evolution of habitat quality in inland ecosystem.[Methods]Using landscape pattern analysis and InVEST habitat quality model,the land use change,landscape pattern and habitat quality change in Yunnan Province from 1980 to 2020 were studied.[Results]The land use change in Yunnan Province was relatively stable,and the forest land area accounted for 57.2%of the total area.The landscape fragmentation index caused by artificial surface encroachment on ecological land was increased by 6.33%,and the landscape heterogeneity was enhanced to varying degrees.The mean patch area was decreased by 5.83%,the number of patches was increased by 6.29%,and the degree of fragmentation was deepened.The habitat quality in Yunnan Province showed a"high-low-high"distribution from northwest to southeast,and the overall habitat quality was above the average.It is necessary to formulate optimization strategies to improve the regional ecological environment and realize the ecological system protection and rational land use in Yunnan Province.[Conclusions]The results will provide a scientific reference for regional ecological protection construction and land use planning in Yunnan Province.

摘要： [Objectives]To study the temporal and spatial variation of SOC content in cultivated land in black soil region in Liaoning Province.[Methods]Through the evaluation and analysis of the research data of this project and the data of the second national soil census,and using GIS technology,this paper studied the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of SOC in the black soil region of Liaoning Province,and provided a basis for improving cultivated land carbon storage and soil organic matter content.[Results]Since 1980,the SOC content in cultivated land in the black soil region in Liaoning Province has generally declined,and the spatial distribution difference has gradually decreased.From 1980 to 2018,the homogeneity of SOC distribution weakened,and the variation in a small range strengthened.The SOC content generally showed the characteristics of increase and decrease,and the changes in the area were scattered.[Conclusions]This study is of great significance to the sustainable utilization of land resources.

摘要： This paper addresses how different urban planning systems play their role in the development of cities,and how this directly affects the role and status of urban planning in social construction,and how to determine the social awareness of urban planning.By contrasting and defining the challenges and advantages of the regulatory,discretionary and hybrid urban planning systems,as well as examining the potential possibilities of each system,which system is more effective will become apparent.Therefore,planning and policy implementation can be more extensive and special.At the same time,a sound planning system can form relevant information feedback to propose amendments and adjustment methods for the city''s planning content and policy and planning operation,which comply with the objective requirements of urban development.

摘要： South African agricultural farming systems are characterised by a duality in which there exists large-scale commercial farmers and small-scale farmers. Large-scale commercial farmers, historically identified as capital intensive and characterized by the size of the landholdings, are considered as the main drivers of national food security. Small-scale farmers on the other hand are viewed as important drivers of food security at the household level. These two main farming systems can be found within the Vhembe district municipality of the Limpopo Province and are characterised differently according to land descriptors. The study used an analysis of primary data obtained from in-depth interviews and secondary data obtained from an agricultural database to identify and characterize large- and small-scale farming systems within the Vhembe district. The study examined the land resource namely farm size and land ownership, topography and soil description, rainfall and its variability and threats and hazards used under three different high value crop (HVC) commodities, macadamia nuts, mangos and avocado pears. The study further examined yield and income from farming as drivers of production that would ensure the sustainability of long-term food security at both national and household level. The study revealed that gender of farmers within the farming systems was predominantly (79%) male across all commodities. Age distribution results showed an aging population of farmers mostly (90%) above the age of 51. Communal land ownership was the dominant (74%) land ownership amongst participants. Yield is not solely dependent on farm size and requires consideration of a broader array of land management aspects. There was a strong, significant correlation between income and farm size. These factors have implications for sustainability of the two farming systems and illustrate how certain aspects of land as a driver of production such as land ownership, rainfall variability, yield and income from farming can impact sustainability.

摘要： The analysis of satellite images is of fundamental importance in relation to understanding the evolution in land use.The general objective of this study is to analyze the changes in characteristics of rural land use in the municipality of Carazinho(RS)from 2001 to 2020 through the analysis of images taken from the Landsat TM-7 and TM-8 satellites.The TM-7 and TM-8 satellite images were classified and supervised,thus generation thematic maps with the following groups:tillage,forest,water resources and exposed soil.The analysis of this study showed that in 2001 the tillage group had an area of 10,651.6 ha,the forest group had an area of 7,248.03 ha,the water resources group occupied an area of 1,444.96 ha,and the exposed soil group occupied an area of 6,798.75 ha.When using the images taken in 2020,the same area presented the following data:the tillage group with an area of 15,941.5 ha.(60.95%),the forest group with an area of 4,320.99 ha(16.52%),water resources group with an area of 141.02 ha(0.53%),and the exposed soil group with an area of 5,747.22 ha(21.97%).The results demonstrate changes in land use during the study period,mainly with regard to the increase of cultivation areas and,consequently,the suppression of vegetation.

摘要： Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Results of water revealed concentrations lower than WHO (2017) and SON (2007) standards. Soil/sediment with average crustal value revealed Pb and Cd above standard values, which is attributed to anthropogenic influence on soils. Quality of air in the study was mainly particulate matter arising from the sea and reclaimed land in the surroundings of the environment with the highest Total Suspended Particulate of 0.8 mg/m3 in sulfur dioxide. This explains corrosion found on the roofs of the communities. Therefore, in the development planning adequate precautions should be put in place to avert environmental degradation.

摘要： The countries of Central Asia are collectively known as the five "-stans": Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. In recent times, the Central Asian region has been affected by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea, widespread desertification, soil salinization, biodiversity loss, frequent sand storms, and many other ecological disasters. This paper is a review article based upon the collection, identification and collation of previous studies of environmental changes and regional developments in Central Asia in the past 30 years. Most recent studies have reached a consensus that the temperature rise in Central Asia is occurring faster than the global average. This warming trend will not only result in a higher evaporation in the basin oases, but also to a significant retreat of glaciers in the mountainous areas. Water is the key to sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid regions in Central Asia. The uneven distribution, over consumption, and pollution of water resources in Central Asia have caused severe water supply problems, which have been affecting regional harmony and development for the past 30 years. The widespread and significant land use changes in the 1990 s could be used to improve our understanding of natural variability and human interaction in the region. There has been a positive trend of trans-border cooperation among the Central Asian countries in recent years. International attention has grown and research projects have been initiated to provide water and ecosystem protection in Central Asia. However, the agreements that have been reached might not be able to deliver practical action in time to prevent severe ecological disasters. Water management should be based on hydrographic borders and ministries should be able to make timely decisions without political intervention. Fully integrated management of water resources, land use and industrial development is essential in Central Asia. The ecological crisis should provide sufficient motivation to reach a consensus on unified water management throughout the region.

摘要： The increasing urbanization generally is brought about by many eco-environmental problems, such as the drastic change of land use and development of urban heat island. This study identified the pattern of land cover changes in Onitsha, South East Nigeria, and assessed the trend in temperature over the area from 1986 to 2016, simulated the land cover changes for 2030 and 2044, and estimated their impacts on land surface temperature (LST). These were with the view to determining the effects of changes in land use/cover on the LST in the area. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data were coordinates of geographic features within the study area, collected through the use of global positioning system. The secondary data were minimum and maximum temperature data from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), high-resolution Quick-bird imagery, Landsat TM/ETM imageries for four epochs (1986, 2002, and 2016) with path and row of 189 and 56. Individual components (bare surface, built-up, vegetation and surface water bodies) in the study area were extracted from the images. Radiometric correction was first performed (for 2016 landsat imagery) to fill the line scan corrector (LSC) gaps using Focal Analysis tool in ERDAS Imagine 14.0. This was followed with clipping of the satellite imagery to extract only those portions that are within the boundary of the study area. Supervised image classification was done for the three series of remotely sensed imageries to extract the spatial pattern of land cover change. The results revealed that the study area has been growing to a relatively compact urban agglomeration. The concentration of built-up area at the western and the central part of the study area has been getting larger and more aggregated. Built-up area increased by 11.49% from 1986 to 2002 and 5.68% from 2002 to 2016 while vegetation decreased by 6.03% from 50.26% in 1986 to 44.23% in 2002. The decrease further continued from 44.23% in 2002 to 29.79% in2016 (change of 14.44%). Expansion to spread into the sub-urban and rural communities bounding the metropolis, converting agricultural and green area to built-up areas. The land cover trend of the study area from the period of 1986-2016 shows dramatic changes for the dominant land cover types. The analyzed trend in temperature change shows that the central parts of the city have a temperature higher than the outlying parts. The results indicated that the average temperature of the study area increased from 24°C in 1986 to 28°C in 2016. The simulated land cover also showed a decreasing trend in vegetal cover. The study concluded that the increase in built-up area caused an annual increase in land surface temperature (0.31°C) over the study period.

摘要： Sheep production in Iceland is heavily subsidized with a part of the payments tied to land condition and compliance with sustainable land use according to a Quality Management System (QMS). A large proportion of the rangelands used for sheep grazing are public lands. The paper is based on Land Improvement Plans (LIP’s) and Soil Conservation of Iceland (SCSI) correspondence obtained by appeal under the Information Act. The results show that “green payments” are made for use of land that fails to meet the criteria given for such payments, based on the extent of barren areas, active soil erosion, and vegetation condition. Strong formal objections by the SCSI about the content and implementation of QMS have been ignored. It is further shown that the land use section of the QMS (L-QMS) is non-transparent and not well scientifically grounded. The use of the term “sustainable land use” is confounded when used to justify the use of collapsed ecosystems. The LIP’s show high to extreme grazing intensities on land in poor condition, thus further defying ideas for green subsidy schemes. The investigation reveals serious conflicts between environmental and agricultural sectors, at agency and ministerial levels, which is enhanced by incoherent legislation structures. It is vital to reconstruct the green subsidies for sheep farming in Iceland, based on science and best available information with a much broader stakeholder participation than at present, involving multi-sectoral agencies and scientists, NGO’s, communities, the general public, and land users.

摘要： Any anthropic action transforms the environment. However, the Urbanization is a human achievement, not the “villain” or “protagonist” of passive actors and experienced environmental degradations, but the model of urban occupation, construction and densification, interconnected with the ineffectiveness of the current drainage system. When evaluating programs to minimize flood impacts, the social component is a necessary but often neglected dimension. This component can be evaluated through the articulation between the actors (population and public power) and the resident community’s perception in relation to the needs and interventions. The present work seeks to analyze the perception of the community resident in the watershed of Ribeir?o Garcia regarding the problems arising from urban floods. The repeated flood events occurring in the Ribeirao Garcia watershed in the city of Blumenau-SC, Brazil, make this place a potential area for an investigative process, which can subsidize future decision-making processes aimed at the adequacy of a sustainable system in medium and long term. For the accomplishment of this work, a qualitative research was adopted. Fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with residents in the sample areas have been carried out to analyse land use and occupation. The procedures that supported this sample survey were divided into four steps: definition of the total population and the sample size;preparation of a questionnaire;application of the questionnaire and tabulation of results. It can be seen that, despite the problems of floods and landslides to residents of all sample areas, the locals have different perceptions regarding the proposed issues and that these different perceptions are linked to the sample geographic location. The analysed space is full of contrasts in physical, social and economic aspects, which favours one part of the population and disfavours the other. The process of densification and overcrowding of inadequate areas has been one of the negative effects of a disorganized housing sector in a speculative real estate market, and different levels of infrastructure among the districts, consolidating, in many ways, a process of social exclusion and spatial segregation. The analysis of the resident community’s perception in the Ribeirao Garcia watershed shows that the most susceptible communities to this type of events are those of low income, located in risk areas. It also demonstrates that, despite these communities’ present empirical situation knowledge on the causes and consequences of the floods, most residents prefer to transfer responsibility only to the public power, without assuming their own responsibility. The study of community perception makes it clear that the problem has been aggravated in part by a lack of knowledge of the relationship between land use and flooding.