water

摘要： At present,the stability of the new generation of solar cells based on hybrid perovskites is the bottleneck for their practical applications.Photochemical effects,high temperature,ultraviolet light,humidity and other known or still unknown factors might cause reduction of effectiveness or even irreversible loss of materials properties due to decomposition of functional layers within perovskite solar cells(PSCs).These factors alone have a serious impact on each component of the device,while their combinations lead to much more complicated effects and consequences.This review focuses on the stability of PSCs and the degradation of the device in a humid environment.We assess the instability factors and deep-seated principles of evolution of the device structure in a humidity environment with the emphasis on the influence on their interrelations.The related solutions are reviewed from the perspective of the encapsulation,perovskite active layer,carrier transport layer and electrodes.Combined with the latest research,we believe that the waterproof strategy of PSCs requires either tight encapsulation or thorough modifications in the device itself.Therefore,it is important to develop feasible strategies to improve the overall device stability over humid according to the target characteristics of various devices.

摘要： In work features of a hydrological regime of catchments of the river of the Pripyat in climate change are considered.Researches of meteorological characteristics of the given territory show the tendency to growth,both tem­peratures of air,and precipitation,evaporation from a surface of water and ground also show the tendency to increase.That is not unequivocally re­flected in change of a course of hydrological characteristics waters objects of territory.On a part of pools of the rivers the mid-annual runoff of water in the rivers in time tends to growth,and Change of levels of subsoil waters decreases for parts-on a turn-here,as a rule,tends a course in time oppo­site to a mid-annual runoff of water in the rivers.Change of the maximal temperature of water in the rivers in time repeats the tendency of a course of a runoff of water in them,i.e.at increase in a runoff of water in the riv­ers-the maximal temperature increases,and at reduction-decreases.The increase in temperature of a superficial component of a runoff of the rivers occurs because of the general increase in temperature of air in considered territory.Silt charge waters in all territory decreases,despite of increase in quantity of atmospheric precipitation and increases or reduction of a runoff of water in the rivers.The relationship between the water runoff layer and precipitation and soil moisture has a certain time delay.The average annual water temperature over time shows a tendency to increase at almost all stations,while the change in the maximum water temperature in rivers over time has a multidirectional tendency and to a greater extent depends on the change in water depth in the river,a decrease in high water maximums and frequent thaws,etc.The studies carried out show that the preservation of moisture in thick layers of soil(0 cm-100 cm)contributes to an increase in water flow in rivers and in the modern conditions of Polesie of Ukraine this will solve a number of problems with the provision of high-quality water resources for various industries and the population.

摘要： Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))has attracted much attentions as a promising method for sustainable solar fuel.Here,we demonstrate that trace water can drastically boost highefficiency photocatalytic production of H_(2)O_(2) with a record-high concentration of 113 mmol L^(-1) using alkali-assisted C_(3)N_(4) as photocatalyst in water/alcohol mixture solvents.By electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)measurement,the radical species generated during the photocatalytic process of H_(2)O_(2) are identified.We propose alcohol is used to provide and stabilize-OOH radicals through hydrogen bond,while trace water could trigger photocatalytic production of H_(2)O_(2) via providing and transferring indispensable free protons to completely consume OOH radicals,which breaks the reaction balance of-OOH radical generation from alcohol.Thus-OOH radicals could be supplied by alcohol continuously to serve as a reservoir for high-efficiency production of H_(2)O_(2).These results pave the way towards photocatalytic method on semiconductor catalysts as an outstanding approach for production of hydrogen peroxide.

摘要： Urbanization,population growth,and the accelerating consumption of food,energy,and water(FEW)resources bring unprecedented challenges for economic,environmental,and social(EES)sustainability.It is imperative to understand the potential impacts of FEW systems on the realization of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)as the world transitions from natural ecosystems to managed ecosystems at an accelerating rate.A major obstacle is the complexity and emergent behavior of FEW systems and associated networks,for which no single discipline can generate a holistic understanding or meaningful projections.We propose a research enterprise framework for promoting transdisciplinarity and top-down quantification of the interrelationships between FEW and EES systems.Relevant enterprise efforts would emphasize increasing FEW resource accessibility by improving coordinated interplays across sectors and scales,expanding and diversifying supply-chain networks,and innovating technologies for efficient resource utilization.This framework can guide the development of strategic solutions for diminishing the competition among FEW-consuming sectors in a region or country,and for minimizing existing inequalities in FEW availability when a sustainable development agenda is implemented.

摘要： For the first time, we found that cavitation treatment of water increases the number of ortho-H2O isomers by 12% - 15%, which was confirmed in experiments on a tomograph. From this, it was suggested that the O/P ratio is a key factor in reducing the viscosity of water. The most significant decrease in the viscosity of an aqueous suspension of hemoglobin molecules with an increase in its concentration was measured earlier in the vicinity of a temperature of 37°C. The mechanism of the observed phenomena is discussed.

摘要： The unquenchable demand for rock materials has attracted many companies within the building and construction sector to invest in stone quarrying. However, this has brought about environmental impacts with health threats to people. There is a paucity of information about the magnitude of pollution on air and water and how it varies with quarry sites. This study, therefore, investigated the physical impacts of quarrying on air and water and explored the in-situ mitigations to undesirable effects due to stone quarrying. Four active quarry sites were identified. Field measurements of dust (particulate matter) were conducted within the four quarry sites and in the nearby community. Water samples were collected from quarry pits and nearby shallow wells for laboratory analysis of water quality. Statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in pollution across the four studied sites. Results revealed that, amidst the use of wet crushing and water sprinkling on bare surfaces, dust emission was higher than the recommended permissible standards levels with a significant variation across the quarry sites with ANOVA (P-value = 0.003) for PM 2.5 and (P-value = 0.04366) for PM 10. Water pollution was mainly contributed by the non-permissive levels of nitrates, chromium, and pH. Polluted air and water are associated with sparking off health threats to the users in the community. In conclusion, quarry companies should strengthen the already existing mitigation of dust suppression. The study recommends additional measures such as treating quarry pit water before discharging to the open environment to enhance environmental protection against the accumulating undesirable quarry impacts.

摘要： The knowledge of solubility of a salt in either the pure solvent or blend solvent is of great importance for studying or operating the crystallization,extraction,and distillation processes.The solubility of sodium acetate(NaAc)in four pure solvents(water,ethanol,acetic acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol)and four binary solvents(water–ethanol,water-acetic acid,acetic acid–ethanol,and acetic acid-ethyl acetate)were measured by using the laser dynamic method at temperatures from 288.15 K to 338.15 K at 0.1 MPa.The results showed that the solubility of NaAc was influenced by either the solution temperature or solvent composition.The aqueous sodium acetate solution possessed the maximal solubility under the experimental conditions.The solubility of NaAc in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was found to be decreased with the increase of the solution temperature.While,the solubilities of NaAc in other seven solvents increased as the solution temperature was elevated.Besides,five correlation models,including the van’t Hoff model,modified Apelblat model,Yaws model,λh model,and modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model were used to correlate the solubility data of those sodium acetate solutions with acceptable deviation,respectively.Finally,van’t Hoff analysis method was selected to analyze the change law of thermodynamic properties of a salt during the dissolution process.

摘要： This work presents a contribution to the study of the process of cold production by adsorption from solar energy. In this paper, we discuss a comparative study of the operation of a solar adsorption refrigerator using the silica gel-water couple and the zeolite-water couple through dynamic modeling and simulation. The mathematical model representing the evolution of heat and mass transfer at each component of the adsorption solar refrigerator has been developed. It appears from this study that the evolution of the temperature of the two adsorbents (zeolite and silica gel) is quasi-similar throughout the operating cycle. However, the maximum mass of water vapor adsorbed by the silicagel (0.24 kg/kg) is higher than that adsorbed by the zeolite (0.201 kg/kg). In the same way, the mass of water vapor cycled, obtained with the silicagel-water couple which is 0.14 kg/kg, is higher than that obtained with the zeolite-water couple which is 0.081 kg/kg. Therefore, the amount of cold produced 9.178 MJ and the solar coefficient of performance 0.378 obtained with the solar refrigerator using the silica gel-water couple, are better.

摘要： Water conservation starts from rationalizing irrigation,as it is the largest consumer of this vital source.Following the critical and urgent nature of this issue,several works have been proposed.The idea of most researchers is to develop irrigation management systems tomeet the water needs of plants with optimal use of this resource.In fact,irrigation water requirement is only the amount of water that must be applied to compensate the evapotranspiration loss.Penman-Monteith equation is the most common formula to evaluate reference evapotranspiration,but it requiresmany factors that cannot be available in many cases.This leads to a trend towards behavior model estimation.System identification with control is one of the most promising applications in this axis.The idea behind this proposal depends on three stages:First,the estimation of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)by a linear ARX model,where temperature,relative humidity,insolation duration and wind speed are used as inputs,and ET0 estimated by Penman-Monteith equation as output.The results show that the values estimated by thismethodwere in good agreement with the measured data.The second part of this paper is tomanage the quantity of water.For this purpose,two controllers are used for testing,lead-lag and PID.To adjust the first controller and optimize the choice of its parameters,Nelder-Mead algorithm is used.In the last part,a comparative study is done between the two used controllers.

摘要： In quantifying the benefits of compost amendments to soils for agricultural and urban use in terms of water conservation, there are many difficulties in conveying “value” of water due to the many different aspects of value to individuals and organizations. Perhaps the most universal metric for value is through the net monetary impact of water. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the benefits by placing a dollar value on the amount of water conserved by amending soils with compost. In most of the literature, the value of water is rarely defined, and when it is the value presented is actually the “cost” of water production or reclamation. However, to truly understand the impacts of water conservation, a fuller vision of the value of water is needed beyond the costs of water. In this paper, the value of water is developed for the Rapid City, South Dakota area. With a value of water established, the benefits of soil compost amendments are calculated by evaluating the reduction of irrigation water needed for comparable crops and the value of the conserved water. In developing a value of water for Rapid City, South Dakota, the direct costs for water production are compared with the retail value of water and the economic activity enabled by a water supply. The average cost of water production for South Dakota cities averaged $0.004 per gallon ($0.001/Liter). The analysis of retail value and economic impact showed that water is valued at $0.71 per gallon ($0.19/Liter) for Rapid City and nine other South Dakota communities when calculated using the community’s retail sales records and economic reports. Efforts to find similar findings for the US were not found. With the value of water established for Rapid City and other South Dakota communities, the value benefits of compost amendments on water conservation are shown in direct monetary terms.

摘要： The present study was undertaken to compare the viability and infectivity ofCryptosporidiumparvum oocysts that had been stored for 1,4,7,10,13,16,20,25 and 30 months at4°C in 2.5% potassium dichromate (Cr) and chlorinated tap water,respectively. An excystationprotocol was performed in vitro to evaluate viability. One hundred and eighty female BABL/c micewere used to evaluate the infectivity of oocysts by detecting the prepatent period of C. parvuminfection,the quantity of oocysts excreted,and the number of parasites that colonized the villi of theileum. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts preserved in Cr for 1-16 months and in water for1-13 months were capable of excystation in vitro and infection of mice in vivo. The excystation ratesof oocysts and the prepatent periods in mice infected by oocysts stored in Cr and water were notsignificantly different (p>0.05),and there was a strong correlation between prepatent period andduration ofoocyst storage (Cr: Re=0.92; water. R2=0.98). There were no significant differences inoocyst shedding from feces or parasitism of the terminal ilea of mice by Cryptosporidia between thetwo storage media (p>0.05). In conclusion,C. parvum oocysts may be stored at 4°C in water insteadof Cr for the purposes of laboratory research. However,the presence of viable C. parvum oocysts inwater is a severe challenge to the drinking water treatment industry.

摘要： Abstrac The questiones during the commissioning of HG-220／9.8-L·yml5circu1ating fluilized bed boiler and answeres are introduced，the causes ofhigh bed temperature and much desuperheat water flow are analyzed especiallyinthis paper.

摘要： 本发明属于新能源和化学工程技术领域，一种优化Water‑in‑salt型超级电容器的制作方法，包括以下步骤(1)、将商用活性炭材料洗涤干燥；(2)、将碳材料粉末与电解质混合，加入去离子水搅拌和超声使其混合均匀，制成浆料；(3)将浆料涂敷或压制在集流体上，蒸干去离子水制得工作电极，并裁剪成圆形电极片；(4)、在电极正极和电极负极上分别滴加去离子水，再利用锂离子电池壳按照电极正极、隔膜、电极负极的顺序安装在一起并加以密封，组装成超级电容器。本发明方法操作过程简单，设备成本低，而且原料易得，采用该方法组装的超级电容器具有电化学操作电压窗口宽、压降小、比电容高及倍率性能好等优点。

摘要： 本发明公开了WATERS HILIC色谱柱的应用及食品中展青霉素的检测方法。具体是WATERS HILIC色谱柱在食品展青霉素的检测中的应用；食品中展青霉素的检测方法包括如下步骤：制备展青霉素标准溶液；在食品样品中加入展青霉素同位素内标工作液，制成待净化液；将所述待净化液转移至离子交换柱中，离子交换后洗脱离子交换柱，得清洗液，将所述清洗液吹至近干或吹干，再次溶解后过滤，取滤液得待测液；将所述展青霉素标准溶液与所述待测液分别加入装有WATERS HILIC色谱柱的液质联用仪中进行检测。本发明所述的展青霉素的检测方法，应用WATERS HILIC色谱柱，目标物和色谱柱之间的分离效果好、灵敏度高。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种基于water－MTLF方法对超疏水气膜层厚度的测量装置及测量方法，该测量装置包括定位测量皿、防浸润丝线、升降控制步进电机、电机支撑平台、水平移动平台和液面高度测量仪。与之匹配的测量方法是先测量水中超疏水气膜层的厚度，然后测量硅油中超疏水气膜层的厚度，两者相减可以得到超疏水气膜层的厚度。相比于CLSM技术和Micro－PIV技术的测量方法，本发明对超疏水表面的测量范围更大，能够测量表面积不小于100mm×100mm，测量精度为10nm。测量过程对操作人员的专业水平要求更低。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种KD‑water柔性处理系统及其处理方法，涉及污水处理技术领域，为解决现有处理系统存在一定缺陷，流程不够完善的问题。处理系统由设备间、集成控制、恒压供水系统、光感液位控制和前置截污装置组成，前置截污装置前端设置有入水口，前置截污装置内设置有第一吸水泵，前置截污装置内设置有粉碎格栅、紫外线，前置截污装置内设置有两个精密膜，集成控制控制恒压供水系统、光感液位控制和前置截污装置。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种基于water－MTLF方法对超疏水气膜层厚度的测量装置及测量方法，该测量装置包括定位测量皿、防浸润丝线、升降控制步进电机、电机支撑平台、水平移动平台和液面高度测量仪。与之匹配的测量方法是先测量水中超疏水气膜层的厚度，然后测量硅油中超疏水气膜层的厚度，两者相减可以得到超疏水气膜层的厚度。相比于CLSM技术和Micro－PIV技术的测量方法，本发明对超疏水表面的测量范围更大，能够测量表面积不小于100mm×100mm，测量精度为10nm。测量过程对操作人员的专业水平要求更低。

摘要： 本实用新型公开AI‑water人工智能污水管控平台，包括管理终端、智能化管理模块、远程控制终端；所述远程控制终端包括远程终端处理器、视频分析模块、状态分析模块；所述视频分析模块包括视频分析终端、交换机、图像记录器、第一监测设备，所述状态分析模块包括状态分析终端、路由器、无线通信模块、PLC、污水处理设备、第二监测设备、第三监测设备，所述管理终端包括运维终端、客户终端，所述运维终端、客户终端通过信息传输模块与智能化管理模块连接，智能化管理模块与远程终端处理器连接。本实用新型不但可以通过电脑平台查看污水处理站点运行情况，而且可以通过手机查看污水处理设施运营情况，实现了污水系统的远程监控，实现了智能污水管理。