cost

摘要： Background: There are few randomized controlled trials with sufficient statistical power to assess the effectiveness of intraoperative cholangiography(IOC) in the detection and treatment of common bile duct injury(BDI) or retained stones during cholecystectomy. The best evidence so far regarding IOC and reduced morbidity related to BDI and retained common bile duct stones was derived from large populationbased cohort studies. Population-based studies also have the advantage of reflecting the outcome of the procedure as it is practiced in the community at large. However, the outcomes of these population-based studies are conflicting. Data sources: A systematic literature search was conducted in 2020 to search for articles that contained the terms “bile duct injury”, “critical view of safety”, “bile duct imaging” or “retained stones” in combination with IOC. All identifed references were screened to select population-based studies and observational studies from large centers where socioeconomic or geographical selections were assumed not to cause selection bias. Results: The search revealed 273 references. A total of 30 articles fulflled the criteria for a large observational study with minimal risk for selection bias. The majority suggested that IOC reduces morbidity associated with BDI and retained common bile duct stones. In the short term, IOC increases the cost of surgery. However, this is offset by reduced costs in the long run since BDI or retained stones detected during surgery are managed immediately. Conclusions: IOC reduces morbidity associated with BDI and retained common bile duct stones. The reports reviewed are derived from large, unselected populations, thereby providing a high external validity. However, more studies on routine and selective IOC with well-defned outcome measures and sufficient statistical power are needed.

摘要： Till now,over 220 million people throughout the world have already been affected by coronavirus disease(COVID-19).Vaccination is the most effective strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19[1].Several pharmaceutical companies have announced the success of their COVID-19 vaccine study.Additional publications on the vaccine's efficacy and inoculation costs are available.When it comes to a new immunization,the cost and accessibility of the vaccine are crucial considerations[2].

摘要： Hospital projects worldwide often experience misperformance,showing a tendency to exceed their estimated cost,miss their deadline,suffer quality problems,and yield benefit shortfalls.Considering this ubiquitous problem,this paper aims to make sense of this phenomenon by addressing the following research question:How can we make sense of hospital project misperformance,and what can be done to mitigate its occurrence?We use an illustrative case study approach and the analytical lens of sense-making to examine the misperformance of three mega-hospital projects.Our research reveals issues such as scope changes,an inability to adapt and respond to risk and uncertainty,ineffectual project management and governance,and optimism bias,which combine to impact project performance adversely.We suggest that the two prominent theoretical perspectives dominating the literature in this field fall short of adequately explaining hospital project misperformance.We provide suggestions for improving the procurement process of hospitals and submit there is a need to develop a robust and balanced theory of project misperformance.

摘要： Organic solar cells(OSCs)as a promising photovoltaic tech-nology have attracted great attention due to its unique advant-ages,such as solution processing,low cost,lightweight and ex-cellent mechanical flexibility[1−5].Conventional OSCs always employ fullerene derivatives,e.g.

摘要： BACKGROUND In 2016 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services proposed bundled payments for hip fractures to improve the quality and decrease costs of care.Patients transferred from other facilities may be imposing a financial risk on the hospitals that accept these patients.AIM To determine the costs associated with patients that either presented to the emergency department or were transferred from another hospital or skilled nursing facility(SNF)with the diagnosis of a hip fracture requiring operative intervention.METHODS A retrospective single institution review was conducted for all arthroplasty patients from 2010 to 2015.Inclusion criteria included a total or partial hip replacement for a hip fracture.Exclusion criteria included pathologic,periprosthetic,and fracture non-union.Data was collected to compare total observed costs for patients from the emergency department,patients from skilled nursing facilities,and patients from an outside hospital.RESULTS A total of 223 patients met the inclusion criteria.135(60.54%)of these patients presented primarily to the emergency department,58 patients(26.01%)were transferred from an outside hospital,and 30 patients(13.43%)were transferred from a SNF.Cost data analysis showed that outside hospital patients demonstrated significantly greater total cost for their hospitalization($43302)compared to emergency department patients($28875,P=0.000)and SNF patients($28282,P=0.000).CONCLUSION Patients transferred from an outside hospital incurred greater costs for their hospitalization than patients presenting from an emergency department or SNF.This is a strong argument for riskadjustment models when bundling payments for the care of hip fracture patients.

摘要： 为什么1年卖出1亿只烤鸡的Costco(开市客),不仅不涨价,还一直亏本售卖?提到美国最大的连锁会员制仓储量贩店Costeo,就不得不提到它的烤鸡。Costco的烤鸡,就像宜家只卖1元的冰激凌一样,是Costco的“大杀器”——用实力将“一分钱一分货”的定律踩在脚底。

摘要： Cloud computing has gained widespread popularity over the last decade.Scheduling problem in cloud computing is prejudiced due to enormous demands of cloud users.Meta-heuristic techniques in cloud computing have exhibited high performance in comparison to traditional scheduling algorithms.This paper presents a novel hybrid Nesterov Accelerated Gradient-based Cuckoo Search Algorithm(NAGCSA)to address the scheduling issue in cloud computing.Nesterov Accelerated Gradient can address trapping at local minima in CSA by updating the position using future approximation.The local search in the proposed algorithm is performed by using Nesterov Accelerated Gradient,while the global search is performed by using levy flights.The amalgamation of NAG and CSA helps in cost reduction and time-saving for users.The simulation has been carried out on the CloudSim tool on three different real datasets;NASA,HPC2N,and SDSC.The results of the proposed hybrid algorithm have been compared with state-of-art scheduling algorithms(GA,PSO,and CSA),and statistical significance is carried on mean,standard deviation,and best for each algorithm.It has been established that the proposed algorithm minimizes the execution cost and makespan,hence enhancing the quality of service for users.

摘要： 小朋友,你知道我们平时学的数学知识如何用英语表达吗?下面和小灵通一起来学习一下吧!参考答案(1)单价×数量=总价;(2)124。小灵通English:(1)Unit price×()=Total price;(2)If 3 sets of sportswear cost 372 yuan,Then 1 set costs()yuan.中文:(1)单价×()=总价;(2)买3套运动服共用了372元,那么1套运动服要()元。

摘要： Metakaolin is a highly reactive pozzolanic material that is widely utilized for enhancing the performance of concrete.This study offers a framework for the mixture design of sustainable metakaolin-modified concrete with low CO_(2)emissions and low costs.Different design strengths after 28 days are first formulated,with values such as 30,40,50,and 60 MPa.A genetic algorithm is then used to determine the optimal mixtures.Minimized CO_(2)and cost are set as the aims of the genetic algorithm.The strength of the concrete,its workability(slump),and carbonation service life with climate change are set as constraints of the genetic algorithm.Five design cases are considered:1)low-CO_(2)concrete with no carbonation,2)low-CO_(2)concrete with carbonation,3)low-material cost concrete with carbonation,4)low-total cost concrete with carbonation,and 5)low-total cost concrete with climate change.Based on the analysis,the following results are found:1)When the design’s strength is 30 MPa,to satisfy the requirement of carbonation durability,the concrete real strength should exceed 30 MPa.Moreover,after considering climate change,the concrete real strength should be further improved.2)When the design strength is 40,50,or 60 MPa for low-total-cost concrete,climate change has no impact on the optimal design because the concrete has sufficient carbonation resistance.3)Low-material-cost concrete has the same mixture as low-total-cost concrete because compared with the material cost,the CO_(2)emission cost is much lower.Moreover,for low-material-cost or low-total-cost concrete,the metakaolin content is at the lower limit because the price of metakaolin is much higher than that of cement.Summarily,the proposed model covered different aspects of sustainable concrete,such as cost and CO_(2)emissions,clarified various decisive factors of mix design,such as strength and carbon durability,and considered different conditions of climate change,such as no climate change and Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP)8.5.The proposed method is valuable for designing sustainable metakaolin-modified concrete with low CO_(2)emissions and costs.

摘要： Love,joy,and the warm feeling of getting together don’t cost a thing.But gifts do cost money.So,what’s a poor family to do?Before New Year,I told my mother that the only thing I 1 was a pogo stick.However,my mother said they were so expensive that we couldn’t 2 one.

摘要： 本发明涉及一种在负压条件下气相渗氮冶炼COST‑FB2钢的方法，先在高真空度条件下进行碳深脱氧，待钢液表面稳定气泡不再涌出时，脱氧完成。然后加入促进氮溶解的合金元素并完全熔化后，开始气相渗氮。气相渗氮时用热力学计算软件Factsage计算气相渗氮时的渗氮压力，精确控制钢液温度，由钢液的表面积、钢液体积和氮平衡含量推算确定渗氮时间。在气相渗氮快要结束时，加入合金元素硼和易挥发的锰，再利用充氩加压至高压力、保持氮分压不变的条件下进行加压浇铸，在凝固过程中保持带压状态，完全凝固后破真空，制得N含量在0.015～0.03％，O含量≤0.0035％，成分均匀、组织致密的COST‑FB2钢铸锭。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种通过抑制COST1基因的表达提高植物抗旱性的方法，所述COST1基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO：1所示，COST1基因编码的蛋白序列如SEQ ID No.2所示的氨基酸序列。COST1基因的同源基因包括番茄SlCOST1基因、水稻OsCOST1基因、杨树PtCOST1和PtCOST2基因以及其他物种中与COST1任何核苷酸或蛋白区域片段同源度在40％以上的其他基因，对于培育出更多抗旱的转基因植物打下基础，该方法可以应用于植物遗传改良。

摘要： 本发明提供了一种HEVC中B帧的基于SKIP/Merge RD Cost的CU提前终止方法，步骤是：首先是为每一帧初始化各个阈值，然后是针对每一个CU通过阈值来判断是否能提前终止，包括SKIP/Merge模式的提前跳出和CU停止向下划分两个部分，最后是根据搜索得到的最优模式进行阈值的自适应更新。本发明能够解决HEVC在B帧CU搜索时复杂度过大的问题，在HEVC的参考编码器HM12.0下，针对多个视频序列编码器平均有50％的速度提升，而BD‑rate(相同质量下的码率)仅有1.25％的增加。

摘要： 本发明涉及一种COST‑FB2钢大型锻件的热处理方法，所述热处理方法包括预备热处理和最终热处理，所述预备热处理包括一至三次正火处理，所述正火处理为临界区高温侧正火处理，正火温度低于Ac3温度10‑15°C；所述最终热处理包括一次淬火处理和两次回火处理。本发明的热处理方法，能够有效地消除组织遗传现象，细化组织，优化析出相分布，从而提高COST‑FB2钢大型锻件的力学性能。

摘要： 本发明提供的是一种基于Cost231‑Hata模型的无线智能传播方法，该模型基于5G网络的应用、以及无线LET网络数据的辅助所提出针对解决在不同环境中及在各种外界因素影响下建立的稳定性高的无线传播模型。该模型通过对LET数据中的工程参数、地图参数和自行寻找的特征来分析，预测模型的平均信号接收功率(RSRP)，并考虑传输路径的损耗详细划分，采用一种更为全面的传输路径损耗由自由空间损耗L

摘要： 本发明涉及一种在负压条件下气相渗氮冶炼COST‑FB2钢的方法，先在高真空度条件下进行碳深脱氧，待钢液表面稳定气泡不再涌出时，脱氧完成。然后加入促进氮溶解的合金元素并完全熔化后，开始气相渗氮。气相渗氮时用热力学计算软件Factsage计算气相渗氮时的渗氮压力，精确控制钢液温度，由钢液的表面积、钢液体积和氮平衡含量推算确定渗氮时间。在气相渗氮快要结束时，加入合金元素硼和易挥发的锰，再利用充氩加压至高压力、保持氮分压不变的条件下进行加压浇铸，在凝固过程中保持带压状态，完全凝固后破真空，制得N含量在0.015～0.03％，O含量≤0.0035％，成分均匀、组织致密的COST‑FB2钢铸锭。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种通过抑制COST1基因的表达提高植物抗旱性的方法，所述COST1基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO：1所示，COST1基因编码的蛋白序列如SEQ ID No.2所示的氨基酸序列。COST1基因的同源基因包括番茄SlCOST1基因、水稻OsCOST1基因、杨树PtCOST1和PtCOST2基因以及其他物种中与COST1任何核苷酸或蛋白区域片段同源度在40％以上的其他基因，对于培育出更多抗旱的转基因植物打下基础，该方法可以应用于植物遗传改良。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种基于COST模型的NFV业务链网络评估方法，首先利用所给的NFV业务链网络确定已知量，然后分析其布置策略，提取组成各类型业务链的NFV节点并得到各种决策量再分别计算总布置开销、总运营开销、总带宽消耗开销以及总时延惩罚开销。最后将四种开销进行求和得到最终总开销并根据最终总开销来评估该布置策略下的NFV业务链网络。本发明提出的基于COST模型的NFV业务链网络评估方法把服务性能中的各项指标转换成不同类型的开销并进行累加，使得能在综合考虑多种指标的情况下对网络进行评估。同时，评估方法又考虑了网络成本，使其更符合实际。

摘要： 本发明公开一种OLAP查询引擎动态cost评估方法及装置，其中，该方法包括：采集数据仓库中数据表的数据量和字段基数；同时记录历史查询sql和对应的查询时间；对sql的执行时间进行离散处理，生成标签；同时将数据表的表信息、过滤字段、分析字段、时间分区、表数据量和分析字段基数，生成各自的特征编码；利用已有的机器学习模型，对已有查询样本，根据提取的数据表的特征进行分类算法训练；将OLAP查询引擎的执行计划转化为特征向量，输入机器学习模型中进行基数评估，从而获得数据表的预估查询时间。该方法及装置使OLAP查询引擎能够快速、准确的对输入的查询sql进行cost评估，生成最优执行计划。

摘要： 本发明公开一种网络路由cost值自动优化方法及装置，其中，该方法包括：登录路由器设备，采集所有上行口端口的cost值、流出值、流出利用率、流入值、流入利用率以及采集时间，保存到端口流量表中，并退出登录；根据采集到的指标值，统计最近一段时间的端口流量情况，统计流量出现拥塞的网络设备端口信息，将端口流出利用率与预设的端口流出拥塞阀值比较，若超过拥塞阀值，则重新配置该端口cost值并保存，否则退出。该方法及装置提高IPRAN网络优化效率，通过系统判断端口拥塞程度，对出现拥塞的端口，自动调整相关端口cost优先级，调节接口数据包转发优先级，使得整个网络出现拥塞节点得到解决或者缓解。