vaccine

摘要： In the last two years,a new seve re acute res piratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)infection has spread worldwide leading to the death of millions.Va ccination represents the key factor in the global strategy against this pandemic,but it also poses several problems,especially for vulnerable people such as patients with multiple scle rosis.In this review,we have briefly summarized the main findings of the safety,efficacy,and acceptability of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccination fo r multiple sclerosis patients.Although the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines has progressively increased in the last year,a small but significant part of patients with multiple sclerosis still has relevant concerns about vaccination that make them hesitant about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.Overall,available data suggest that the COVID-19 vaccination is safe and effective in multiple scle rosis patients,even though some pharmacological treatments such as anti-CD20 therapies or sphingosine I-phosphate receptor modulato rs can reduce the immune response to vaccination.Accordingly,COVID-19 vaccination should be strongly recommended for people with multiple scle rosis and,in patients treated with anti-CD20 therapies and sphingosine I-phosphate receptor modulato rs,and clinicians should evaluate the appropriate timing for vaccine administration.Further studies are necessary to understand the role of cellular immunity in COVID-19 vaccination and the possible usefulness of booster jabs.On the other hand,it is mandatory to learn more about the reasons why people refuse vaccination.This would help to design a more effective communication campaign aimed at increasing vaccination coverage among vulnerable people.

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)poses a serious threat to human life and health as well as social and economic development.In order to deal with this public health event,scientific research institutions around the world have rapidly developed and put vaccines into urgent use,bringing hope to the victory over the epidemic.However,as the Novel Coronavirus continues to spread throughout the world,the virus genome has mutated to form a variety of variants.Among them,the Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta and Omicron variants show higher infectivity and higher resistance to vaccines and neutralizing antibodies,posing new challenges to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.At present,the effect of variants on the effectiveness of developed vaccines has become a hot topic of global discussion.In this paper,we briefly review the new progress of novel Coronavirus variants and their effects on vaccine immune protection.

摘要： BACKGROUND The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been the most important clinical challenge worldwide since January 2020.COVID-19 inactivated vaccines play a crucial role in reducing the rates of morbidity and mortality.CASE SUMMARY We presented a 48-year-old woman from Haidian District,Beijing,China who developed ischemic colitis after receiving the second dose of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine.Computed tomography of the abdomen showed edema and bowel wall thickening with hypodensity in the sigmoid colon and descending colon.Colonoscopy revealed hyperemia,edema and erosion of the mucosa with superficial ulceration and a yellow-white coating at the descending colon and sigmoid colon.The symptoms were relieved after 1 wk of receiving pinaverium bromide(50 mg,tid)and aspirin enteric-coated tablets(0.1 g,qd).CONCLUSION The possible occurrence of ischemic colitis should be considered after administration of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccines.

摘要： BACKGROUND Although it is well established that coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is associated with inflammation and a prothrombotic state leading to stroke and venous thromboembolism(VTE),the nuances of this association are yet to be uncovered[1].Many studies link elevations in inflammatory markers to cases of thromboembolism.Most reports of thromboembolism associated with COVID-19 occur in the venous circulation during or just after the initial hospitalization due to COVID-19[2].It is unclear how long the hypercoagulable effect of COVID-19 lasts.CASE SUMMARY We present a unique case of a 65-year-old-female who presented to her primary care doctor with a sore throat,cough,fatigue,congestion,diarrhea,headache,and anosmia.She tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and received a bamlanivimab infusion 9 days later.After recovering from the acute illness,she received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.Months later,she presented to the Emergency Department(ED)complaining of right sided shoulder pain and motor weakness in her left hand while trying to type on a keyboard.On presentation to the ED,her calculated Padua prediction score for risk of VTE was two and inflammatory markers were not elevated.She was found to have a brachiocephalic artery occlusion as well as an ischemic stroke which was treated with heparin.CONCLUSION This case suggests hypercoagulability due to COVID-19 may extend further than current literature suggests,to at least six months.

摘要： Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease characterized by symmetrical and predominantly proximal muscle weakness in the limbs, associated with typical skin lesions. Autoimmune diseases have already been described as an adverse effect of vaccines. Case-report: A 65-year-old Caucasian female patient evolved, 5 days after the first dose of the AZD1222 vaccine against the COVID-19 virus, with skin lesions suggesting heliotrope and Gottron’s sign, with partial improvement of the condition with use of topical glucocorticoids in the lesions. After two months, the patient received the second dose of AZD1222 vaccine, and evolved with proximal muscle weakness of upper and lower limbs, dysphagia, increase of muscle enzymes, in addition to skin lesions compatible with heliotrope and Gottron’s sign again. After treatment with pulse therapy with methylprednisolone 1000 mg per day for three days and treatment with immunosuppressants, she evolved with significant clinical improvement. Conclusions: This case-report demonstrating an important chronological relationship between dermatomyositis and the vaccine AZD1222 alerts to the possibility of the disease as an important adverse reaction of vaccine against COVID-19 virus, as has been recently described by other authors.

摘要： Till now,over 220 million people throughout the world have already been affected by coronavirus disease(COVID-19).Vaccination is the most effective strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19[1].Several pharmaceutical companies have announced the success of their COVID-19 vaccine study.Additional publications on the vaccine's efficacy and inoculation costs are available.When it comes to a new immunization,the cost and accessibility of the vaccine are crucial considerations[2].

摘要： Viral transmission between animals and humans has been defined as Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis.The vaccine has been claimed to be the best tool to prevent viral epidemics.However,as learned from SARS-CoV-2,vaccines cannot be the true answer to prevent viral infection for everyone.Some vaccinated persons are still reported to get infected.Viral mutation has been principally postulated to explain immune evasion.Questionable,why the mutated viral strain does not evade the immunity of everyone who has been vaccinated?Mutated viral strains cause various symptoms,non-symptomatic to morbidity and mortality,in different individuals with more or less the same ratio as the original SARS-CoV-2.Approximately,25-35%of the SARS-CoV-2 detected individuals are asymptomatic,while 15-20%developed severity and about 2-5%have critical symptoms[1,2].Logically,the viral mutation could keep mutating in any part of its genome.The new variant might maintain infectivity in the same person and might develop to infect another person who once has not been susceptible to the original strain.Thus,the dynamics of viral infection could change from time to time.This requires a better explanation to lead us in the right direction to prevent the emergent virus either now or in the future.

摘要： Hepatitis E virus(HEV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)are both RNA viruses with a tropism for liver parenchyma but are also capable of extrahepatic manifestations.Hepatitis E is usually a viral acute fecal-oral transmitted and self-limiting disease presenting with malaise,jaundice,nausea and vomiting.Rarely,HEV causes a chronic infection in immunocompromised persons and severe fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.Parenteral HCV infection is typically asymptomatic for decades until chronic complications,such as cirrhosis and cancer,occur.Despite being two very different viruses in terms of phylogenetic and clinical presentations,HEV and HCV show many similarities regarding possible transmission through organ transplantation and blood transfusion,pathogenesis(production of antinuclear antibodies and cryoglobulins)and response to treatment with some direct-acting antiviral drugs.Although both HEV and HCV are well studied individually,there is a lack of knowledge about coinfection and its consequences.The aim of this review is to analyze current literature by evaluating original articles and case reports and to hypothesize some interactions that can be useful for research and clinical practice.

摘要： The COVID-19 epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has turned into a worldwide pandemic.Therefore,health officials all around the world have strived for developing efficient preventive and treatment methods to deal with this global crisis.Amongst them,monoclonal antibodies,anti-TNFs,and convalescent plasma appear to be effective against this disease.In addition,clinical trials are currently being conducted for viral targeting vaccines.This review summarizes major advances using biopharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention strategies against COVID-19 that have occurred in the global medicinal system from its introduction until March 2022.

摘要： The novel coronavirus is a group of viruses with genetic material inside and surrounded by a lipid layer and protein spikes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the official name given by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 erupted from Wuhan, China, in 2019. By May 2020, COVID-19 was ubiquitous, infected millions of people on this planet, and became the worst outbreak of this disastrous pandemic. The pandemic’s impact such as a high mortality rate and economic imbalance. Random viruses constantly affect humans’ and animals’ health like severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS COVID 2 followed. However, initially, coronavirus was identified in 2019. COVID-19 affected several sectors: transportation, health care, education, tourism, food sector, unemployment, trading, agriculture, sports, pharmaceutical industries, and global poverty.