incidence

摘要： Purpose:The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of injury incidence in professional skiers and snowboarders.Methods:We systematically searched PubMed,Web of Science,and MEDLINE for studies on injury incidence published from inception to April 2020.Injury data were extracted,alongside information on injury location,severity,type,cause,and sport discipline.Incidence of injuries was presented per 1000 athlete-days,with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs).Results:The search identified 462 articles,and 22 were included in our review.The overall incidence of injuries among professional skiers and snowboarders was 3.49 per 1000 athlete-days(95%CI:2.97-4.01).Lower extremity had the highest injury incidence(1.54 per 1000 athletedays,95%CI:1.24-1.84).Incidence rates of slight,mild,moderate,and severe injuries were 0.26,0.31,0.57,and 0.59 per 1000 athlete-days,respectively.Contusion had the highest incidence rate(1.82 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:1.01-2.63).The most common cause of injury was contact trauma(3.20 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:1.32-5.08).Freestyle skiing had the highest incidence rate(6.83 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:4.00-9.66),and Nordic skiing had the lowest rate(2.70 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:1.94-3.46).Conclusion:Professional skiers and snowboarders have a substantial risk of sustaining injuries.Our findings can be used to inform the planning and provision of healthcare for elite participants in different snow sports.

摘要： BACKGROUND The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients have been widely reported,but the assessment of doseresponse relationships and risk factors for mortality and severe cases and clinical outcomes remain unclear.AIM To determine the dose-response relationship between risk factors and incidence of COVID-19.METHODS In this retrospective,multicenter cohort study,we included patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection who had been discharged or had died by February 6,2020.We used multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models to determine the dose-response relationship between risk factors and incidence of COVID-19.RESULTS It clarified that increasing risk of in-hospital death were associated with older age(HR:1.04,95%CI:1.01-1.09),higher lactate dehydrogenase[HR:1.04,95%confidence interval(CI):1.01-1.10],C-reactive protein(HR:1.10,95%CI:1.01-1.23),and procalcitonin(natural log-transformed HR:1.88,95%CI:1.22-2.88),and D-dimer greater than 1μg/m L at admission(natural log transformed HR:1.63,95%CI:1.03-2.58)by multivariable regression.D-dimer and procalcitonin were logarithmically correlated with COVID-19 mortality risk,while there was a linear dose-response correlation between age,lactate dehydrogenase,D-dimer and procalcitonin,independent of established risk factors.CONCLUSION Higher lactate dehydrogenase,D-dimer,and procalcitonin levels were independently associated with a dose-response increased risk of COVID-19 mortality.

摘要： Introduction:Understanding the causes of heart disease is a relatively new field in medicine.In fact,heart disease was relatively rare before the early 1900s.Aim:The aim of this review study is to investigate the risk factors associated with the development of heart disease and its prevention.Material Methodology:A scrutinized review of the Greek and international literature was carried out.The material of the study was manuscripts on the subject found in Greek and international electronic databases such as:Google Scholar,Mednet,PubMed and the Association of Hellenic Academic libraries(HEAL-Link).Results:The risk factors for the development of heart disease are metabolic factors,i.e.,hypertension,diabetes,cholesterol and obesity;environmental factors,i.e.,smoking,lack of physical activity or exercise,poor dietary patterns and alcohol consumption;and other factors such as age,gender,heredity,socioeconomic status and psychological factors.Conclusions:Heart diseases are multifactorial diseases and the only way to successfully treat them is to take into account all the risk factors for their development,and to treat them systematically.

摘要： BACKGROUND Due to dietary patterns,the aging population,and other high-risk factors,the occurrence of pancreatic cancer(PC)has been rapidly increasing in China.AIM To present the epidemiological trends of PC in China over the past decade and the estimated trend in 2025 and to compare the international differences in PC morbidity and mortality.METHODS This study used a series of nationally representative data from the National Central Cancer Registry of China(NCCR),the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation databases.Agestandardized data of the PC incidence and mortality from 2006 to 2015 in China were extracted from the NCCR database.Linear regression models were used to estimate the incidence and mortality rates of PC in 2025.RESULTS The age-standardized rates of PC in China increased from 3.65 per 100000 in 2006 to 4.31 per 100000 in 2015 and were estimated to reach up to 5.52 per 100000 in 2025.The mortality went from 3.35 per 100000 in 2006 to 3.78 per 100000 in 2015,estimated to reach up to 4.6 per 100000 in 2025.The number of new cases and deaths was low before 45 years and the peak age of onset was 85-89 years.The incidence and mortality rates in men were higher than those in women regardless of the region in China.In addition,the incidence and mortality rates in China were higher than the average level around the world.Likewise,disabilityadjusted life years attributed to PC in China were 197.22 years per 100000,above the average level around the world.CONCLUSION This study presented an increasing trend of PC in China and differences in morbidity,mortality and disability-adjusted life years between Chinese and global populations.Efforts need to be made to decrease the PC incidence and improve patient outcomes.

摘要： Poleroviruses,which are distributed worldwide,infect many crops of economic importance and cause severe plant diseases.Brassica yellows virus(Br YV),which has three genotypes,A,B,and C,is a newly identified polerovirus infecting crucifer crops in China,but its distribution is still unclear.Here,we report the distribution and prevalence levels of the three Br YV genotypes in crucifer crops in China.A total of 570 crucifer leaf samples randomly collected from 22 provinces,four ethnic minority autonomous regions,and three municipalities in China were tested for Br YV.RT-PCR detection showed that 97 of the field samples were positive for Br YV,and the average incidence of Br YV was 17.0%.The virus was detected in 22 provinces,with high incidences in north,northwest,and northeast China.The multiplex RT-PCR amplification of the three Br YV genotypes revealed that both single and mixed infections occurred.Among the Br YV infections,38.1% were mixinfected by more than two viral genotypes,and 8.2% samples were mix-infected by three viral genotypes.Our findings indicated a widespread prevalence of Br YV in China,and Br YV mixed infections with Turnip mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus in crucifer crops are common.This study is the first large-scale survey of Br YV in crucifer crops in China.The information generated in this investigation will contribute to the national prevention and control of viral diseases.

摘要： BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a common disorder in women of reproductive age.Over the last few decades,research studies have revealed that PCOS is strongly associated with metabolic disorders,including metabolic syndrome,obesity,insulin resistance and prediabetes.Clinical observation has shown that women with PCOS are expected to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes(T2DM)in the future.AIM To assess the hazard ratio(HR)of T2DM between women with/without PCOS.METHODS This population-based,retrospective cohort study evaluated data retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database.The subjects were women with PCOS(n=2545)identified on the basis of diagnosis,testing,or treatment codes,and women without PCOS as controls(n=2545).The HR of T2DM between women with or without PCOS was the main outcome measure analyzed.RESULTS Our study found that, during a 10-year follow-up period, the overall incidence of T2DM was 6.25per 1000 person-years in the PCOS group compared with 1.49 in the control group. Afteradjustment for potential confounding variables, the overall incidence of T2DM was higher in thePCOS group vs the control group (HR = 5.13, 95%CI: 3.51-7.48, P < 0.0001). The risk of developingT2DM subsequent to PCOS decreased with increasing diagnosis age: the adjusted HR was 10.4 inthe 18–24-year age group, 5.28 in the 25-29-year age group, and 4.06 in the 29-34-year age group.However, no such significant association was noted in women older than 35 years.CONCLUSIONThese findings highlight the importance of prompting a more aggressive treatment to preventdiabetes in women diagnosed with PCOS at a young age, and, in contrast, the lessened importanceof this type of intervention in women diagnosed with PCOS at a late reproductive age.

摘要： BACKGROUND Digestive cancer has traditionally been thought of as a disease that mainly occurs in elderly individuals,and it has been ignored in young adults by both patients and physicians.AIM To describe the worldwide profile of digestive cancer incidence,mortality and corresponding trends among 20–39-year-olds,with major patterns highlighted by age,sex,development level,and geographical region.METHODS I performed a population-based study to quantify the burden of young adult digestive cancers worldwide.Global,regional,sex,and country-specific data estimates of the number of new cancer cases and cancer-associated deaths that occurred in 2020 were extracted from the GLOBOCAN Cancer Today database.To assess long-term trends in young adult digestive cancer,cancer incidence data and mortality data were obtained from the Cancer in Five Continents Plus database and the World Health Organization mortality database,respectively.The associations between the human development index(HDI)and digestive cancer burden in young adults were evaluated by linear regression analyses.RESULTS In 2020,there were an estimated 19292789 new cancer cases,resulting in 9958133 deaths worldwide,which equated to an age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)of 5.16 and age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)of 3.04,accounting for 12.24%of all new cancer cases and 25.26%of all cancer deaths occurring in young adults.The burden was disproportionally greater among males,with male:female ratios of 1.34 for incidence and 1.58 for mortality.The ASIRs were 2.1,1.4,and 1.0 per 100000 people per year,whereas the ASMRs were 0.83,1.1,and 0.62 per 100000 people per year for colorectal,liver,and gastric cancer,respectively.When assessed by geographical region and HDI levels,the cancer profile varied substantially,and a strong positive correlation between the mortality-to-incidence ratio of digestive cancer and HDI ranking was found(R^(2)=0.7388,P<0.001).CONCLUSION The most common digestive cancer types are colorectal,liver and gastric cancer.The global digestive cancer burden among young adults is greater among males and exhibits a positive association with socioeconomic status.The digestive cancer burden is heavy in young adults,reinforcing the need for primary and secondary prevention strategies.

摘要： Despite a decline in incidence and mortality during the last decades,stomach cancer is one of the main health challenges worldwide.According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates,stomach cancer caused approximately 800000 deaths(accounting for 7.7%of all cancer deaths),and ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in both genders combined.About 1.1 million new cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed in 2020(accounting for 5.6%of all cancer cases).About 75%of all new cases and all deaths from stomach cancer are reported in Asia.Stomach cancer is one of the most lethal malignant tumors,with a five-year survival rate of around 20%.There are some well-established risk factors for stomach cancer:Helicobacter pylori infection,dietary factors,tobacco,obesity,and radiation.To date,the most important way of preventing stomach cancer is reduced exposure to risk factors,as well as screening and early detection.Further research on risk factors can help identify various opportunities for more effective prevention.Screening programs for stomach cancer have been implemented in a few countries,either as a national or opportunistic screening of high-risk individuals only.Generally,due to its high aggressiveness and heterogeneity,stomach cancer still remains a severe global health problem.

摘要： The presence and distribution of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) strains on plants of four citrus species required analysis of plants showing small fruits, yellowing, and twig dieback. Typical citrus tristeza symptoms showed in citrus plantations in Veracruz, Mexico, and caused gradual deterioration, low yield, and death of the plants. Seven citrus-growing municipalities in Central and Northern Veracruz presented the severe VT strain: the incidence in seven of the eight sampled municipalities ranged from 7% in Alamo to 50% in Tihuatlan. As for the T30 strain, its presence and distribution ranged from 17% in Tihuatlan to 83% in Cuitlahuac. Values for the T3 strain went from 20% in Castillo de Teayo to 50% in Papantla. In Tihuatlan, two samples were positive for the T36 strain. Only Citrus sinensis has historical recording infections by severe strains of CTV, unlike other important citrus species. The incidence of orchards quickly declining increases rapidly in Veracruz, the largest citrus producer in Mexico. It becomes critical as the predominant and sensitive rootstock is sour orange (Citrus aurantium). It is important to note that the specific primers used could not be identified in 29% of the samples, suggesting that they could be other than T30, T3, VT, and T36 strains.

摘要： BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)is one of the most aggressive malignancies.However,because of its scarcity there are limited population-based data available for investigations into its epidemiologic characteristics.In Taiwan,we have a national cancer registry database that can be used to evaluate the secular trends of ICC.AIM To evaluate secular trends of ICC according to age,sex,and risk factors in Taiwan.METHODS In this population-based study,we used the national Taiwan Cancer Registry database.Age-standardized and relative percent changes in incidence rates were used to describe secular trends in incidence rates and sex ratios of ICC in Taiwan.RESULTS The age-standardized ICC incidence rate among males increased from 1.51 per 100000 in 1993-1997 to 4.07 per 100000 in 2013-2017 and among female from 1.73 per 100000 to 2.95 per 100000.The incidence in females tended to plateau after 2008-2012.For males,the ICC incidence increased as age increased.In the long-term incidence trend of ICC in females,the incidence of the four age groups(40-44,45-49,50-54 and 55-59 years)remained stable in different years;although,the incidence of the 60-64 group had a peak in 2003-2007,and the peak incidence of the 65-69 and 70-74 groups occurred in 2008-2012.Among males,beginning at the age of 65,there were increases in the incidence of ICC for the period of 2003-2017 as compared with females in the period of 2003-2017.CONCLUSION Increased incidence of ICC occurred in Taiwan over the past two decades.The increased incidence has progressively shifted toward younger people for both males and females.