prevalence

摘要： The anosmia and hypogeusia that accompany the syndromic manifestations of coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19)have become an increasing area of research during the current pandemic.These deficits are experienced as a major concern and are found to compromise the lifestyle of patients during and after acute phase of COVID-19.The key issue is the prevalence of smell and taste disorders that have been reported in some patients after partial recovery from COVID-19.

摘要： Background: Different studies have demonstrated high prevalence of HPV infection and dysplastic lesions of the cervix in immunocompromised patient such as women living with HIV. Is this high prevalence due to a greater susceptibility to HPV infection, which is known to be frequent in its latent form in women? Objective: This study aims to identify HPV genotypes in HIV+ and HIV? women to understand HPV molecular epidemiology in Senegal. Material and Method: Endocervical samples from 331 HIV+ and HIV? women, sexually active, were collected. The molecular identification of the 28 genotypes studied (19 HPV-HR and 9 HPV-LR) was carried out after DNA extraction, by multiplex PCR with the Anyplex? II HPV28 detection kit from Seegene on CFX96? Bio-Rad machine. The comparisons were made by calculating the p-value and odds ratio with R Studio software (version 4.1.0). The results were considered significant if p ? women. Conclusion: Our results showed that the prevalence of HPV, HPV-HR and HPV-BR was significantly higher in HIV+ women. Non-vaccine genotypes were among the most found genotypes. Groups of HIV+ women aged between 35 and 50, married and using contraception were significantly more infected with HPV than the same groups of HIV-women.

摘要： BACKGROUND Catatonia is a complex psychomotor syndrome that often goes unrecognized and untreated,even though its classification has evolved in recent years.Prompt and correct identification of catatonia allows for highly effective treatment and prevention of possible complications.The underrecognition of catatonia in older patients is also frequent,and research in this population is scarce.AIM To conduct a systematic review of the literature on catatonia in older people to ascertain its clinical characteristics across settings.METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines,MEDLINE,EMBASE,and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to December 2021,with a strategy aimed at identifying all articles published on catatonia in older adults.Titles and abstracts were scanned and selected independently by two authors.Papers investigating issues related to catatonia and/or catatonic symptoms in older people,with English abstracts available,were included.References of selected articles were revised to identify other relevant studies.RESULTS In total,1355 articles were retrieved.After removing duplicates,879 remained.Of the 879 identified abstracts,669 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria.A total of 210 articles underwent full text review,and 51 were eliminated for various reasons.Fourteen more articles were selected from the references.Overall,173 articles were reviewed:108 case reports,35 case series,11 prospective cohort studies,6 case-control studies,3 retrospective cohort studies and 10 reviews.We found several particular aspects of catatonia in this population.Catatonia in older patients is highly prevalent and tends to have a multifactorial etiology.Older patients,compared to younger patients,have a higher risk of developing catatonia with benzodiazepine(BZD)withdrawal,in bipolar disorder,and in the general hospital.Age,together with other risk factors,was significantly associated with the incidence of deep venous thrombosis,neuroleptic malignant syndrome poor outcome,other complications and mortality.Treatment with BZDs and electroconvulsive therapy is safe and effective.Prompt treatment of its cause is essential to ensure a good prognosis.CONCLUSION Catatonia in older patients is highly prevalent and tends to have a multifactorial etiology.The risk of developing catatonia in some settings and conditions,as well as of developing complications,is high in this population.Symptomatic treatment is safe and effective,and timely etiologic treatment is fundamental.

摘要： Context: Neurologic disorders are common in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Data in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. Aim: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of neurological disorders amongst patients on MHD in Cameroon. Settings and Design: This was a four-month cross-sectional study carried out at the Douala General Hospital (DGH) a tertiary referral hospital in Cameroon. Methods: The diagnosis of neuropathy was made using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), neuropathic pain with the DN4 score, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire (IRLSSG) and cognitive disorders with the Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMS). Student T and Chi-square tests were used to compare qualitative and quantitative variables. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 157 patients were included with 65% being males. The mean age was 48.8 ± 13.7 years. The main comorbidities were hypertension (90.4%), diabetes (19.1%), hepatitis C (10.5%) and HIV infection (10.8%). The median dialysis vintage was 36 (1 - 178) months. The overall prevalence of neurological disorders was 85.4%. The leading type was sensory polyneuropathy (57.3%), cognitive dysfunction (52.9%), neuropathic pain (23%), and restless legs syndrome (17.8%). Male gender was statistically associated with neuropathic pain, while age ≥ 40 years and diabetes were associated with sensory neuropathy and RLS. Conclusions: The burden of neurological disorders is high among patients on MHD as up to 4/5 of them had neurological involvement dominated by sensory polyneuropathy and cognitive dysfunction.

摘要： BACKGROUND Burden due to intellectual disability(ID) is only third to the depressive disorders and anxiety disorders in India. This national burden significantly contributes to the global burden of ID and hence one has to think globally and act locally to reduce this burden. At its best the collective prevalence of ID is in the form of narrative reviews. There is an urgent need to document the summary prevalence of ID to enhance further policymaking, national programs and resource allocation.AIM To establish the summary prevalence of ID during the past 60 years in India.METHODS Two researchers independently and electronically searched Pub Med, Scopus, and the Cochrane library from January 1961 to December 2020 using appropriate search terms. Two other investigators extracted the study design, setting, participant characteristics, and measures used to identify ID. Two other researchers appraised the quality of the studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal format for Prevalence Studies. Funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to ascertain the publication and small study effect on the prevalence. To evaluate the summary prevalence of ID, we used the random effects model with arcsine square-root transformation. Heterogeneity of I^(2)≥ 50% was considered substantial and we determined the heterogeneity with meta-regression. The analyses were performed using STATA(version 16).RESULTS Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was publication bias;the trim-and-fill method was used to further ascertain bias. Concerns with control of confounders and the reliable measure of outcome were noted in the critical appraisal. The summary prevalence of ID was 2% [(95%CI: 2%, 3%);I^(2)= 98%] and the adjusted summary prevalence was 1.4%. Meta-regression demonstrated that age of the participants was statistically significantly related to the prevalence;other factors did not influence the prevalence or heterogeneity.CONCLUSION The summary prevalence of ID in India was established to be 2% taking into consideration the individual prevalence studies over the last six decades. This knowledge should improve the existing disability and mental health policies, national programs and service delivery to reduce the national and global burden associated with ID.

摘要： BACKGROUND Kissing molars(KMs)are a scarcely reported form of molar impaction in which the occlusal surfaces contact each other within a single dental follicle and the roots point in opposite directions.The direction of KMs impaction is generally tilted.KMs with vertical direction impaction have not been reported in the literature.CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old female visited a dentist for right maxillary wisdom teeth extraction and was diagnosed with two vertically impacted KMs in the left mandible on panoramic radiography.After cone-beam computed tomography examination confirmed no secondary complication,the patient chose to undergo observation and regular follow-up.A literature review of KMs revealed that vertical impacted KMs are rare;high-quality evidence regarding their prevalence is still lacking.At present,the causality of KMs is controversial.In this study,we have tried to provide a detailed definition of KMs to allow an accurate evaluation of their prevalence and classification based on their impaction direction which may be related to their pathogenesis.The treatment plan of KMs depends on the condition and location of the affected teeth and associated complications;they may be either directly extracted or treated using a multidisciplinary approach including maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists.CONCLUSION KMs are a rare clinical condition of impacted teeth with unclear pathogenesis.Vertically impacted KMs were seldom reported.Reasonable definition and classification of KMs can help in the understanding of their causes and prevalence.

摘要： BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders are common but underdiagnosed in cancer survivors.Research suggests that tumor type has an effect on the prevalence of clinically relevant depression,anxiety,comorbid anxiety-depression and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD).AIM To identify studies that examined the prevalence of clinically relevant levels of depression,anxiety,comorbid anxiety-depression and PTSD for patients with one or more tumor sites and compare those prevalences between cancer subtypes.METHODS Four databases(PubMed,PsycInfo,PubPsych and the Cochrane Database)were searched and resulted in a total of 2387 articles to be screened.To be included,a study must have investigated cancer-free and posttreatment survivors using tools to assess clinically relevant levels of the listed psychiatric comorbidities.All articles were screened by two authors with a third author reviewing debated articles.RESULTS Twenty-six studies on ten different tumor types fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in the review.The studies showed heterogeneity regarding the study characteristics,number of participants,time since diagnosis,and assessment tools.Generally,all four comorbidities show higher prevalences in cancer survivors than the general population.Brain tumor survivors were reported to have a relatively high prevalence of both depression and anxiety.Studies with melanoma survivors reported high prevalences of all four psychiatric comorbidities.Regarding comorbidities,a wide range in prevalence existed across the tumor types.Within one cancer site,the prevalence also varied considerably among the studies.CONCLUSION Psychiatric comorbidities are more frequent in cancer survivors than in the general population,as reflected by the prevalence of depression,anxiety,comorbid anxiety-depression and PTSD across all tumor subtypes.Developing generalized screening tools that examine psychological distress in cancer survivors up to at least ten years after diagnosis could help to understand and address the psychological burden of cancer survivors.

摘要： Introduction:Understanding the causes of heart disease is a relatively new field in medicine.In fact,heart disease was relatively rare before the early 1900s.Aim:The aim of this review study is to investigate the risk factors associated with the development of heart disease and its prevention.Material Methodology:A scrutinized review of the Greek and international literature was carried out.The material of the study was manuscripts on the subject found in Greek and international electronic databases such as:Google Scholar,Mednet,PubMed and the Association of Hellenic Academic libraries(HEAL-Link).Results:The risk factors for the development of heart disease are metabolic factors,i.e.,hypertension,diabetes,cholesterol and obesity;environmental factors,i.e.,smoking,lack of physical activity or exercise,poor dietary patterns and alcohol consumption;and other factors such as age,gender,heredity,socioeconomic status and psychological factors.Conclusions:Heart diseases are multifactorial diseases and the only way to successfully treat them is to take into account all the risk factors for their development,and to treat them systematically.

摘要： Aim of Study: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with animals that are harbouring leptospira. Knowledge of prevalent leptospira in a particular animal of a particular geographical area is essential to understand the epizootiology of disease, to understand the linkage between circulating serovars in animals and in humans, and to apply appropriate control measures, etc. Material and Methods: Animal samples from different districts of the south Gujarat region received in the Microbiology department during the year of 2020 for the Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) of leptospirosis were included in the study. Results of MAT which was already performed using 12 different serovars were analysed to prevent serovars in a particular animal. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency and percentage. Result: Out of 1406 animal samples, 151 (11 percent) were positive from animals like cows, buffalos, bullocks and goats. More prevalent serovars in cows were L. ictrohemorrahiae (22%), L. hardjo (19%), L. patoc (17%) and L. pyrogen (16%). In buffalo, L. patoc (58%) and L. hardjo (27%) were found. L. hardjo (50%) in bullock and L. automonalis (50%), L. australis (22%) and L. patoc (14%) in goat were found as prevent serovars. Conclusion: Different prevent serovars has been observed in different animals from the different district south Gujarat region which will be helpful to trace the source of infection in human, to apply control measures, to know the epizootiology of disease, for developing strategies in the future during vaccine development with emphasizing more on the prevalent serovars.

摘要： Introduction: Several microorganisms cause vaginal infections. Some of them include: Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardneralla vaginalis, Bacteriodes spp., Mobilincus and Candida albicans. In pregnancy, these infections are associated with considerable discomfort and adverse pregnancy outcome including preterm delivery, low birth weight, spontaneous abortions among others. Aims: Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal trichomoniasis and candidiasis in pregnant women are associated with considerable discomfort and adverse pregnancy outcome (preterm delivery and low birth weight). We attempted to determine the prevalence of these conditions in Regional Hospital Bamenda. Methods: A total of 200 vaginal swabs were collected from pregnant women after the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire. The samples were analyzed using wet mount (Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida spp.), and the Gram stain (Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida spp.). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate association between vaginal symptoms and their risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence of vaginal infections was 49.5%, with trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis being 2% (4), 27% (54) and 32% (64), respectively. No formal education (AOR = 0.908;95% CI: -20.72 - 35.62;p = 0.001) and practice of douching (16.93: -0.201 - 29.692;p = 0.005) were found to be independent risk factors for trichomoniasis. Malodourous greenish vagina discharges (18.52;2.96 - 60.307;p = 0.005) were associated with trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. White (6.566;17.785 - 21.836;p = 0.004) and yellowish (3.404;20.127 - 23.457;p = 0.004) vaginal discharges were independent risk factors for mycotic vagina infections. Multivariate analysis revealed that the only risk factor significantly associated to VVC in this study was the use of both water cistern and pit toilet (AOR = 3.684;95% CI: 0.388 - 2.649;p = 0.010). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of vaginal infections. Early treatment will reduce the disease burden and avoid complications associated with it.