Pit mud is the lifeline of Nongxiang Baijiu and its deterioration might bring huge loss for distilleries. The structure of archaea com-munities in pit mud before and after mud deterioration was analyzed by Illumina Miseq high throughput sequencing DNA technology. By con-structing 16S rDNA gene bank of archaea, the results showed that there were 52876 sequences amplified in pit mud after the deterioration, 11703 sequences had amplified in pit mud before the deterioration, and the abundance of archaea increased evidently. The clustering, sequenc-ing and analysis of the sequence suggested that the dominant archaea before mud deterioration included Methanobrevibacter(35.66%), Metha-nobacterium(10.25%), Paenibacillus(4.27%), Bacillus (3.39%), Methanosarcina(3.27%), etc;and the dominant archaea after mud deteriora-tion included Methanofollis(38.18%), Methanobacterium(34.21%), Methanoculleus(6.90%), etc. The results revealed that methane-producing bacteria was the dominant bacteria of archaea before and after mud deterioration. This study provided scientific evidence for pit mud culture/maintenance and further research on pit mud microbes.%窖泥是浓香型白酒的生命线，窖泥变质则为酒厂带来巨大损失。采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序DNA技术对窖泥变质前后古菌群落结构进行分析。通过构建古菌16S rDNA基因文库，结果表明，变质后窖泥共扩增出52876条序列，变质前窖泥扩增出11703条序列，古菌丰度有明显提高。对序列进行聚类、测序、分析，窖泥变质前优势古菌为：甲烷短杆菌属（35.66%）、甲烷杆菌属（10.25%）、类芽孢杆菌属（4.27%）、芽孢杆菌属（3.39%）、甲烷八叠球菌属（3.27%）等；窖泥变质后优势菌为：产甲烷袋菌属（38.18%）、甲烷杆菌属（34.21%）、甲烷袋状菌属（6.90%）等。结果揭示了甲烷菌是窖泥变质前后古菌的优势菌，为进一步研究窖泥微生物全貌及窖泥培养、养护提供依据。
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