nutrition

摘要： Tagelus adansonii has served as man’s food around the world from time immemorial.However,the aquatic ecosystem in which they live is constantly polluted.Microbial and proximate compositions and energy value of T.adansonii were evaluated as indices for food safety and biomarker of pollution.Standard microbiological techniques and standard methods of AOAC were employed.Results showed that Bacillus substilis,Micrococcus species,Proteus species,Klebsiella species,Staphylococcus aureus,Vibrio cholerea,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Enterobacter sp,Escherichia coli,Bacillus cereus,and Chromatium species were the probable bacteria while Rhizopus stolonifer,Aspergillus niger,Penicillium species.Candida tropicalis,Fusarium species and Aspergillus flavus were the probable fungi isolated from the sample.Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count(THBC),TVC,TCC,TSC and TFC in fresh sample were 2.01±0.14×10^(5),2.77±0.27×10,2.79±0.81×10,6.08±0.21×10^(2),and 2.08±0.21×10^(4) cfu g^(-1) respectively and concentrated mostly in the gut.The mean crude protein,moisture,carbohydrate,ash,lipid and crude fibre contents of the soft tissues were 60.92±2.38,40.75±1.85,26.58±2.91,5.99±0.43,5.56±0.51 and 4.13±0.10%respectively,while the energy or caloric value was 397.65±11.97.Proper monitoring and surveillance should be adopted by Government to check pollution of the aquatic environments and proper processing should be adopted before consumption for good public health.

摘要： Although there is no global shortage of food or water, food security has not been achieved, as human activity has turned these vital resources into “waste”. Wasted food not only loses valuable water resources but embedded calories of human energy and nutrients for healthy human populations. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, in addressing these concerns, focuses on a global scale largely on an economic estimate of individual components of energy or water or nutrient loss. It is suggested that more information is required through local or regional assessments to provide better estimates, incorporating regional factors of the losses along the food supply chain. To address this suggestion, this study focused on an intensive agricultural and rapidly urbanizing region of Canada, the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Seven selected crops, including annual crops such as green peas, sweet corn and potato, and perennial crops that included three berry crops were assessed for their water, both constituent and virtual, as well as embedded energy, protein, and Vitamin C. Annual virtual water losses were higher for sprinkler than drip irrigation, ranging from 82 × 106 kg of water for strawberry to 7570 × 106 kg for blueberry. These high virtual water losses estimated along the food chain confirm the significance of food loss impacts on local water resources. Estimates of losses of food in kg were highest at the consumer level along the food chain and it was estimated that wasted food from the seven crops selected would have supplied the protein and caloric energy of over 33,000 men per year and Vitamin C of about 240,000 men per year. This assessment increases the awareness of food loss impacts from a regional perspective and provides a framework for future research on both environmental and nutritional implications of wasted food.

摘要： BACKGROUND The hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals are controversial.A dietary phytochemical index(DPI)has been suggested as an alternative method for quantifying the phytochemical content of foods.AIM To assess the DPI in relation to liver function tests among a representative sample of Iranian adults.METHODS A total of 5111 participants aged 35-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study by a multistage cluster random sampling method.Dietary intakes were collected by a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire with 121 items.DPI was calculated by the percent of daily energy intake taken from phytochemical-rich foods.Fasting serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT)were determined.Linear regression was used to investigate the association between DPI and levels of liver enzymes using crude and adjusted models.RESULTS There was an inverse association between DPI score and serum ALP in the crude model(β=-0.05;P<0.001).This association remained significant after adjustment for body mass index,age,smoking,energy intake,history of diabetes,and education(β=-0.03;P=0.01).No significant associations were found between DPI score and serum levels of AST,ALT,and GGT.The individuals with the highest DPI scores consumed significantly higher amounts of fruits,vegetables,legumes,nuts,and cereals,yet were shown to have significantly higher serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,as well as several other metabolic abnormalities.CONCLUSION Higher adherence to phytochemical-rich foods was associated with lower levels of ALP,but no change in other liver enzymes.Those with higher DPI scores also consumed food items associated with a healthier overall dietary pattern;however,they also presented several unexpected metabolic derangements.Additional randomised trials are needed to better determine the effects of phytochemical-rich foods on liver function.

摘要： The intestinal microbiota and its role in health and disease processes have been the subject of several studies.It is known that changes in the intestinal microbiota occur due to several factors,such as the use of medication,age,lifestyle and diseases,which can modify intestinal homeostasis and lead to excessive growth of bacteria in the small intestine,triggering a clinical condition called small bowel bacterial overgrowth(SIBO).Individuals with SIBO may present gastrointestinal symptoms ranging from nausea,diarrhea and/or constipation,and flatulence to distension and abdominal pain,resulting from poor absorption of nutrients or changes in intestinal permeability.The gold-standard treatment is based on the use of antibiotics to eradicate bacterial overgrowth.Some studies have evaluated diets in the treatment of SIBO;however,the studies are of low methodological quality,making extrapolation of the results to clinical practice unfeasible.Thus,there is still not enough scientific evidence to support a specific type of diet for the treatment of SIBO.

摘要： Patients with Crohn’s disease(CD)are at a considerable risk for intestinal surgery.Approximately 25%of patients with CD will undergo an intestinal resection within 10 years of diagnosis.Postoperative complications after CD surgery have been reported in 20%-47%of the patients.Both general and CD-related risk factors are associated with postoperative complications,and comprise non-modifiable(e.g.,age)and potentially modifiable risk factors(e.g.,malnutrition).Prehabilitation focuses on the preoperative period with strategies designed to optimize modifiable risk factors concerning the physical and mental condition of the individual patient.The aim of prehabilitation is to enhance postoperative recovery and return to or even improve preoperative functional capacity.Preoperative improvement of nutritional status,physical fitness,cessation of smoking,psychological support,and critical revision of preoperative use of CD medication are important strategies.Studies of the effect on postoperative outcome in CD patients are scarce,and guidelines lack recommendations on tailored management.In this opinion review,we review the current evidence on the impact of screening and management of nutritional status,physical fitness,CD medication and laboratory values on the postoperative course following an intestinal resection in CD patients.In addition,we aim to provide guidance for individualized multimodal prehabilitation in clinical practice concerning these modifiable factors.

摘要： Chinese medicinal food is a long standing tradition.Early records show that it was in use as far back as the Han Dynasty.Through continual improvement during succeeding dy⁃nasties,it has developed into a practical science of nutrition.This is not a simple combina⁃tion of food and traditional medicine,but a distinctive cuisine made from food and medici⁃nal ingredients following the theory of Chinese medicine.

摘要： Nutrition is one of the most important principles in Persian medicine,and Persian scholars have written various books and treatises on this subject.Atamat al-Marza by Hakim Roshan Zamir is one of these books.Hakim Roshan Zamir was a wise Persian scholar who lived in 12th-13th centuries AH(18th-19th centuries AD).He described the details of food-based treatment carefully in his book,Atamat al-Marza.This article tries to introduce this book and the role of foods in Persian medicine and represent recommendations and viewpoints of Hakim Roshan Zamir in this field.

摘要： An enabling policy environment and good governance are fundamental drivers for agriculture and food systems, framing how they work and for whom in the global efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 and food justice for all. The review examined the policy environment in sub-Saharan Africa in relation to linkages between agricultural diversification, dietary diversity, and nutrition. The systematic review of literature entailed searching Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, African Journals Online and PsychINFO databases from Jan 1, 2010, to Feb 30, 2021, for eligible studies and technical reports. Publications reporting on agricultural diversification, dietary diversity, and nutrition outcomes in relation to policy environment were included. Qualitative synthesis of the abstracted evidence was conducted. SSA countries recognise the crucial role of agricultural diversification as a pathway to achieving food security with increasing emphasis on smallholder farmers. There is a rich base of policies that are complemented by lived experiences and best practices which can strengthen linkages between agricultural diversification, agribusiness and dietary diversity. For instance, the application of precision farming, agro-ecological zones targeted agricultural intensification and gender sensitive land administration, access and tenure in countries experiencing declining farm size could potentially ensure the youth, men and women have equitable and innovative opportunities of access to elements of improved agricultural systems. Smallholder farmers with the majority in rural settings, maintain de facto agricultural diversity. It is essential for any policy design or intervention to take into account the specific country’s context;pay particular attention to socioeconomic capabilities of the rural population along with fiscal capacity and trade-offs. Empirical evidence on the nexus between agricultural diversification and nutrition is mixed and limited.

摘要： Arthritis (AR) is a disease that affects the joints and of which there are, remarkably, over 100 different types. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common subgroup of OA. KOA is a pathological degeneration of joints, connective tissue and the sub-chondral bone of the knee. The origin of the disease is not fully understood but the etiology includes risk factors such as age, gender, physiological trauma and BMI. It is a complex pathological state of cause, effect, and manifestation where the exact mechanisms responsible are not visible. Inflammatory mediators are involved in the progression of KOA and this cascade of reactions to the inflicted area is unfortunately chronic. Pain is a key feature, and it ranges from mild to severe. Patients are likely to use analgesics that are more potent than “over the counter” (OCT) drugs at some stage. As the condition develops over time the need increases and prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids are used. NSAIDs can help reduce the pain as well as enhance the joints range of movements again. However not in an optimal way, nor do they have the ability to alter any of the mechanisms behind the disease. Inevitably, the side effects from the medicine will have a negative impact on the patient;even more so the longer they are used. Currently, alternative medicine and nutraceuticals can be controversial. Several countries and organizations consistently deny any beneficial outcome from these in the context of KOA-treatment. Official statements are made about the lack of evidence and consequently official non-recommendations are commonplace. This review will show viable complementary alternative medicine (CAM) that has been studied over decades with unequivocal positive results on KOA. These options exhibit minimal side effects and a high safety-margin. Included are up-to date clinical studies with current evidence of beneficial effects. This review presents key strategies for the arthritis patients. A dietary plan not to deviate from and the use of specific nutrients and herbs. The analysis of nutrachemicals include glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, collagen type 1, undenatured collagen type II and hyaluronic acid. Therapeutic dosages of nutraceuticals as well as a specified diet designed to curb and to some extent reverse KOA. Traditional Chinese medicine consisting of T. wilfordii, A. bidentate, bromelain, Boswellia and Curcuma longa. To a certain extent these nutraceuticals have an ability that is absent in current pharmacological treatments. The ability to reverse and sometimes rebuild tissues and cells affected by KOA. All nutraceuticals in the review is evaluated with the standard methods WOMAC and VAS in order to measure degrees of pain, stiffness and functionalities of the knee.

摘要： BACKGROUND Malnutrition,lipodystrophy,and dyslipidemia are prevalent characteristics in patients with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection with or without previous treatment.Such a clinical condition can lead to the hypothesis of the presence of hepatic steatosis with possible progression to fibrosis and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.Notably,a low phase angle(PA),evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA),is an independent prognostic marker of clinical progression and survival in HIV-infected patients.AIM To evaluate the relationship between PA and body composition with steatosis and hepatic fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus(HCV)-coinfected patients.METHODS A retrospective observational study by convenience sampling of coinfected HIV/HCV patients,in which all patients underwent transient elastography(Fibroscan)and BIA evaluation.Student’s t test was used for group comparisons,and Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlation test was used when appropriate.The significance level was set at 5%,and analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0.RESULTS Forty-three patients who received antiretroviral therapy met the inclusion criteria,and 23(53.5%)were under treatment with protease inhibitors(PIs).There was no difference in PA between those who used PIs and those who did not(P=0.635).There was no correlation between fibrosis grade and PA(P=0.355)or lean mass(P=0.378).There was a significant inverse correlation between the controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)and lean mass(P=0.378),positive correlation between PA and lean mass(P=0.378),and negative correlation between PA and fatty mass(P=0.378),although the CAP and PA were not correlated.When evaluated by sex,no significant correlations were found.CONCLUSION PA determines the muscle function of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients,and the CAP values reinforce the association with lean mass,suggesting that patients require early nutritional interventions.