therapy

摘要： Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that starts many years before the onset of cognitive symptoms.Identifying novel biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease has the potential for patient risk stratification,early diagnosis,and disease monitoring in response to therapy.A novel class of biomarkers is extracellular vesicles given their sensitivity and specificity to specific diseases.In addition,extracellular vesicles can be used as novel biological therapeutics given their ability to efficiently and functionally deliver therapeutic cargo.This is critical given the huge unmet need for novel treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease.This review summarizes and discusses the most recent findings in this field.

摘要： Chx10-expressing V2 a(Chx10+V2 a) spinal interneurons play a large role in the excitatory drive of motoneurons. Chemogenetic ablation studies have demonstrated the essential nature of Chx10+V2 a interneurons in the regulation of locomotor initiation, maintenance, alternation, speed, and rhythmicity. The role of Chx10+V2 a interneurons in locomotion and autonomic nervous system regulation is thought to be robust, but their precise role in spinal motor regulation and spinal cord injury have not been fully explored. The present paper reviews the origin, characteristics, and functional roles of Chx10+V2 a interneurons with an emphasis on their involvement in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. The diverse functional properties of these cells have only been substantiated by and are due in large part to their integration in a variety of diverse spinal circuits. Chx10+V2 a interneurons play an integral role in conferring locomotion, which integrates various corticospinal, mechanosensory, and interneuron pathways. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that Chx10+V2 a interneurons also play an important role in rhythmic patterning maintenance, leftright alternation of central pattern generation, and locomotor pattern generation in higher order mammals, likely conferring complex locomotion. Consequently, the latest research has focused on postinjury transplantation and noninvasive stimulation of Chx10+V2 a interneurons as a therapeutic strategy, particularly in spinal cord injury. Finally, we review the latest preclinical study advances in laboratory derivation and stimulation/transplantation of these cells as a strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. The evidence supports that the Chx10+V2 a interneurons act as a new therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Future optimization strategies should focus on the viability, maturity, and functional integration of Chx10+V2 a interneurons transplanted in spinal cord injury foci.

摘要： We presented a letter about a case of a 37-year-old Black female with a history of human immunodeficiency virus and an undetectable viral load.She was evaluated with weakness in the scapular(grade III)and pelvic girdles(grade II),elevation of creatine phosphokinase levels and muscle biopsy compatible with nemaline myopathy.She was treated with rituximab showing improvement of the condition.

摘要： Astrocyte polarization is a new concept which is similar to microglia polarization and in which astrocytes are classified as A1(neurotoxic)and A2(neuroprotective).Several studies on astrocyte polarization have focused mainly on neurodegenerative diseases,trauma,and infections.However,the role of astrocyte polarization in glaucoma,a neurodegenerative disease,has not been fully explored.In this review,we first describe the characteristics of astrocyte astrogliosis in glaucoma,including morphological,molecular,proliferative and functional changes.We then summarize understanding of astrocyte polarization in other diseases,and show that A1 astrocytes are involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma,and that their neurotoxins kill only damaged retinal ganglion cells.Based on this,we propose new interesting conjecture on astrocyte polarization in glaucoma:(1)That the neurotoxin from A1 astrocytes is a product of the complement system(membrane-attacking complex),since this system is known to mediate synaptic elimination and the C3 expression is clearly increased in A1 astrocytes;(2)that reactive scar-forming astrocytes in the optic nerve head may be classified as A2 astrocytes since their ablation leads to a worse prognosis in glaucoma.Finally,current therapeutic research progress on astrocyte polarization in other diseases is also addressed.Regulation of astrocyte polarization can be achieved by extracellular microglia-related and intracellular pathways.Reduced A1 or increased A2 astrocytes can rescue the nerve.For example,glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist rescues retinal ganglion cells by reducing A1 astrocytes via the extracellular microglia-related pathway in an ocular hypertension model,suggesting that regulation of astrocyte polarization as a therapeutic target in glaucoma is feasible.

摘要： The HIV/AIDS epidemic in China is spreading rapidly,with the number of people living with HIV(PLHIV)increasing nearly 1.5 times from 0.44 million in 2011 to 1.05 million in 2020^([1,2]).Antiretroviral therapy(ART)is the main AIDS treatment and can effectively reduce HIV transmission,morbidity.

摘要： BACKGROUND Cervical degenerative disc(CDD)disease is a common type of spondylosis.Although anterior cervical discectomy and fusion(ACDF)is the preferred treatment for CDD disease,internal fixation with a titanium plate may cause various complications.The invention of the ACDF with a self-locking fusion cage(ROI-C)has effectively decreased the incidence of postoperative complications.AIM To observe the outcomes of CDD disease treated by ACDF with a ROI-C.METHODS Ninety patients with CDD disease treated at our hospital from March 2019 to March 2021 were included.They were divided into two groups(control group and observation group,n=45 in each)using a random number table.Patients in the control group received ACDF plus internal fixation with a titanium plate.Those in the observation group received ACDF+ROI-C placement.The two groups of patients were compared in terms of surgical parameters,pain,cervical spine function,range of motion,and complications.RESULTS The two groups of patients showed no significant differences in surgical time,blood loss,drainage volume,and length of hospital stay(P>0.05).No significant differences in the visual analogue scale(VAS),Japanese Orthopedic Association(JOA),and neck disability index(NDI)scores were observed between the two groups before surgery(P>0.05).The VAS and NDI scores in the observation group were considerably lower than those in the control group after surgery;however,the JOA scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P0.05).The disc height in the observation group was larger than that in the control group after surgery.The range of motion of both the superior and inferior adjacent vertebrae was significantly smaller in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of complications was only 2.22% in the observation group compared to 15.56% in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Cervical spine function restoration was better with ROI-C with internal fixation in ACDF than with conventional titanium plates in ACDF for CDD disease.

摘要： Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infections are a global public health issue.HBV covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA),the template for the transcription of viral RNAs,is a key factor in the HBV replication cycle.Notably,many host factors involved in HBV cccDNA epigenetic modulation promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).The HBV cccDNA minichromosome is a clinical obstacle that cannot be efficiently eliminated.In this review,we provide an update on the advances in research on HBV cccDNA and further discuss factors affecting the modulation of HBV cccDNA.Hepatitis B virus X protein(HBx)contributes to HBV cccDNA transcription and the development of hepatocarcinogenesis through modulating host epigenetic regulatory factors,thus linking the cccDNA to hepatocarcinogenesis.The measurable serological biomarkers of continued transcription of cccDNA,the effects of anti-HBV drugs on cccDNA,and potential therapeutic strategies targeting cccDNA are discussed in detail.Thus,this review describes new insights into HBV cccDNA mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for cleaning cccDNA,which will benefit patients with liver diseases.

摘要： Diabetes mellitus(DM)is common in liver cirrhosis(LC).The pathophysiological association is bidirectional.DM is a risk factor of LC and LC is a diabetogenic condition.In the recent years,research on different aspects of the association DM and LC has been intensified.Nevertheless,it has been insufficient and still exist many gaps.The aims of this review are:(1)To discuss the latest understandings of the association of DM and LC in order to identify the strategies of early diagnosis;(2)To evaluate the impact of DM on outcomes of LC patients;and(3)To select the most adequate management benefiting the two conditions.Literature searches were conducted using Pub Med,Ovid and Scopus engines for DM and LC,diagnosis,outcomes and management.The authors also provided insight from their own published experience.Based on the published studies,two types of DM associated with LC have emerged:Type 2 DM(T2 DM)and hepatogenous diabetes(HD).High-quality evidences have determined that T2 DM or HD significantly increase complications and death pre and post-liver transplantation.HD has been poorly studied and has not been recognized as a complication of LC.The management of DM in LC patients continues to be difficult and should be based on drug pharmacokinetics and the degree of liver failure.In conclusion,the clinical impact of DM in outcomes of LC patients has been the most studied item recently.Nevertheless many gaps still exist particularly in the management.These most important gaps were highlighted in order to propose future lines for research.

摘要： The following letter to the editor highlights the review titled“Liquid biopsy in cholangiocarcinoma:Current status and future perspective”in World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021;13:332-350.It is necessary to realize individualized therapy to improve the clinical prognosis of patients with cholangiocarcinoma.

摘要： BACKGROUND Sarcomatoid intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(SICC)is an extremely rare and highly invasive malignant tumor of the liver.The precise pathologic mechanism of SICC has not been clearly identified,and the prognosis is very poor.The effectiveness of the treatment strategy of radical hepatectomy combined with Huaier granules has not yet been reported.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 69-year-old male who presented with intermittent right upper abdominal pain for one month and 4-pound weight loss before admission.Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed multiple stones in the bile ducts accompanied by dilatation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts.The preoperative diagnoses were right intrahepatic bile duct stones and extrahepatic bile duct stones;thus,surgical resection was performed.Choledochoscopy showed that the bile duct wall of the right anterior lobe was thickened,and a mass was visible in the duct.Then,a biopsy was performed,and rapid frozen-section biopsy analysis indicated that the tumor was malignant.The final diagnosis was SICC(T1a N0M0).Huaier granules were taken by the patient as anticancer therapy after surgery.The patient attended follow-up for 72 mo with no tumor recurrence or metastasis.CONCLUSION Sarcomatous intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an extremely rare,aggressive malignancy,and the diagnostic gold standard is pathological diagnosis.We reported the first case of successful treatment with Huaier granules as anticancer therapy after surgery,which indicated that Huaier granules are safe and effective.Further studies are needed to study the anticancer molecular mechanisms of Huaier granules in sarcomatous intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

摘要： 该文介绍了近二十年来吵国完成的经络研究实验。证明经络是无形的，与神经、体液和微循环有密切关系，而又不同于神经和血管。中国进行了大量经络的生物物理学，示踪剂注射研究实验。文章从信息技术的视角说明了作者对经络系统的见解。

摘要： 该文介绍了近二十年来吵国完成的经络研究实验。证明经络是无形的，与神经、体液和微循环有密切关系，而又不同于神经和血管。中国进行了大量经络的生物物理学，示踪剂注射研究实验。文章从信息技术的视角说明了作者对经络系统的见解。

摘要： 该文介绍了近二十年来吵国完成的经络研究实验。证明经络是无形的，与神经、体液和微循环有密切关系，而又不同于神经和血管。中国进行了大量经络的生物物理学，示踪剂注射研究实验。文章从信息技术的视角说明了作者对经络系统的见解。

摘要： 该文介绍了近二十年来吵国完成的经络研究实验。证明经络是无形的，与神经、体液和微循环有密切关系，而又不同于神经和血管。中国进行了大量经络的生物物理学，示踪剂注射研究实验。文章从信息技术的视角说明了作者对经络系统的见解。