animal model

摘要： The current animal models of stroke primarily model a single intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)attack,and there is a lack of a reliable model of recurrent ICH.In this study,we established 16-month-old C57 B L/6 male mouse models of ICH by injecting collagenaseⅦ-S into the left striatum.Twenty-one days later,we injected collagenaseⅦ-S into the right striatum to simulate recurrent ICH.Our results showed that mice subjected to bilateral striatal hemorrhage had poorer neurological function at the early stage of hemorrhage,delayed recovery in locomotor function,motor coordination,and movement speed,and more obvious emotional and cognitive dysfunction than mice subjected to unilate ral striatal hemorrhage.These findings indicate that mouse models of bilateral striatal hemorrhage can well simulate clinically common recurrent ICH.These models should be used as a novel tool for investigating the pathogenesis and treatment targets of recurrent ICH.

摘要： Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.

摘要： Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research.Pigs are anatomically and physiologically more like humans than are small rodents such as mice,making pigs an attractive option for modeling human diseases.Advances in recent years in genetic engineering have facilitated the rapid rise of pig models for use in studies of human disease.In the present review,we summarize the current status of pig models for human cardiovascular,metabolic,neurodegenerative,and various genetic diseases.We also discuss areas that need to be improved.Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research.Advances in recent years in genetic engineering have facilitated the rapid rise of pig models for use in studies of human disease.In the present review,we summarize the current status of pig models for human cardiovascular,metabolic,neurodegenerative,various genetic diseases and xenotransplantation.

摘要： Animal models are crucial for the study of tumorigenesis and therapies in oncology research.Though rare,uveal melanoma(UM)is the most common intraocular tumor and remains one of the most lethal cancers.Given the limitations of studying human UM cells in vitro,animal models have emerged as excellent platforms to investigate disease onset,progression,and metastasis.Since Greene’s initial studies on hamster UM,researchers have dramatically improved the array of animal models.Animals with spontaneous tumors have largely been replaced by engrafted and genetically engineered models.Inoculation techniques continue to be refined and expanded.Newer methods for directed mutagenesis have formed transgenic models to reliably study primary tumorigenesis.Human UM cell lines have been used to generate rapidly growing xenografts.Most recently,patient-derived xenografts have emerged as models that closely mimic the behavior of human UM.Separate animal models to study metastatic UM have also been established.Despite the advancements,the prognosis has only recently improved for UM patients,especially in patients with metastases.There is a need to identify and evaluate new preclinical models.To accomplish this goal,it is important to understand the origin,methods,advantages,and disadvantages of current animal models.In this review,the authors present current and historic animal models for the experimental study of UM.The strengths and shortcomings of each model are discussed and potential future directions are explored.

摘要： Hyperproteinemia is a metabolic disorder associated with increased plasma protein concentration(PPC)and is often clinically complicated by malignant diseases or severe infections.At present,however,research on the molecular mechanism underlying high PPC(HPPC)is scant.Here,an animal model of primary hyperproteinemia was constructed in an invertebrate(Bombyx mori)to investigate the effects of HPPC on circulating blood cells.Results showed that HPPC affected blood cell homeostasis,leading to increased reactive oxygen species levels,and induced programmed cell death dependent on the endoplasmic reticulum-calcium ion signaling pathway.HPPC induced the proliferation of blood cells,mainly granulocytes,by activating the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT)signaling pathway.Supplementation with the endocrine hormone active substance 20 E significantly reduced the impact of HPPC on blood cell homeostasis.Thus,we identified a novel signaling pathway by which HPPC affects blood cell homeostasis,which differs from hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia,and hypercholesterolemia.In addition,we showed that down-regulation of gene expression of the hematopoietic factor Gcm could be used as a potential early detection indicator for hyperproteinemia.

摘要： The prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia is a hot and difficult point in clinical research and animal experimental research in the cardiovascular field.The combined disease and syndrome animal model with the disease characteristics of Western medicine and guided by the theory of Chinese medicineto replicate the"syndrome"of Chinese medicine on the model animals by using experimental methods is an effective tool for the research of Chinese medicine.This article summarized the methoding methods and evaluation index of the animal model combined disease of coronary heart disease myocardial ischemia with cold blood stasis,phlegm and blood stasis,qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome,kidney deficiency and blood stasis,and concluded the treatment of Traditional Chinese medicine.At the same time,it analyzed the main deficiencies of myocardial ischemia syndrome combined with animal models to provide reference for the establishment and research of related animal models.

摘要： Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative disorder.The pathology of AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid beta(Aβ)plaques,neurofibrillary tangles com-posed of hyperphosphorylated tau,neuronal death,synapse loss,and brain atrophy.Many therapies have been tested to improve or at least effectively modify the course of AD.Meaningful data indicate that the transplantation of stem cells can alleviate neuropathology and significantly ameliorate cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease.Transplanted stem cells have shown their inherent advantages in improving cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction,although certain weak-nesses or limitations need to be overcome.This review recapitulates rodent models for AD,the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells,influencing factors,and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes.Stem cell therapy provides perspective and chal-lenges for its clinical application in the future.

摘要： Alzheimer’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative ailment accompanied by cognitive problems and progressive memory loss.The main causes of the disease are indistinguishable even though aging is said to be the key risk factor,along with the hypotheses such asβ-amyloid plaques,tau-proteins,neuroinflammation,and oxidative stress.Currently,Alzheimer’s disease is not curable,and the available medicines are only used to provide symptom relief.Scientists and researchers have developed numerous models to study Alzheimer’s disease,such as in silico methods,in vitro models of cultured rat cortical neurons,in vivo rodent models involving mice and rats,and non-rodent models as well.This review provides an insight into the modality of Alzheimer’s disease treatment using medicinal plants that are natural sources with abundant bioactive substances,and traditional formulations such as an extract from Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Chinese herbal formulations(i.e.,traditional Chinese medicine kidney-nourishing formula,supplements such as coenzyme Q10,alpha-lipoic acid,Ginkgo Biloba,omega-3’s,and acetyl-L-carnitine).In addition,we have discussed the evaluation parameters for experimental Alzheimer’s disease,which are used to assess the mechanism of memory and pharmacological effects of molecules for drug discovery and development.The common experimental analysis methods for Alzheimer’s disease include behavioral,biochemical,and histological studies.This work will allow researchers to access an informative reference of traditional medicines along with experimental analysis methods in one place for Alzheimer’s disease research.

摘要： Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease(PH-LHD) is regarded as the most prevalent form of pulmonary hypertension(PH). Indeed, PH is an independent risk factor and predicts adverse prognosis for patients with left heart disease(LHD). Clinically, there are no drugs or treatments that directly address PH-LHD, and treatment of LHD alone will not also ameliorate PH. To target the underlying physiopathological alterations of PH-LHD and to develop novel therapeutic approaches for this population, animal models that simulate the pathophysiology of PH-LHD are required. There are several available models for PH-LHD that have been successfully employed in rodents or large animals by artificially provoking an elevated pressure load on the left heart, which by transduction elicits an escalated pressure in pulmonary artery. In addition, metabolic derangement combined with aortic banding or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist is also currently applied to reproduce the phenotype of PH-LHD. As of today, none of the animal models exactly recapitulates the condition of patients with PH-LHD. Nevertheless, the selection of an appropriate animal model is essential in basic and translational studies of PH-LHD. Therefore, this review will summarize the characteristics of each PH-LHD animal model and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different models.

摘要： Appropriate animal model is the basis for the smooth development of scientific research,and also the guarantee of the experimental results.As a common clinical disease,the pathogenesis of KOA and the mechanism of action of various treatment methods need to be explored and verified by a large number of animal experiments.The selection and establishment of animal model is an important link,The selection of modeling methods in western medicine and the establishment of the model of combination of disease and syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine are the key points and difficulties.In this paper,the selection of KOA animal models was reviewed through literature retrieval,and the status quo of model establishment methods was summarized from the perspectives of western medicine and TCM.The main animal species include mice,chicken,rabbit,dog,sheep,horse,pig,monkey,emu and so on.The establishment methods of western medicine and TCM models are different.Western medicine models can be divided into spontaneous model induction model and transgenic model according to different establishment methods while TCM models are mainly established according to their syndromes.