Breast cancer

摘要： Circular RNAs(circ RNAs)are noncoding RNAs that form covalently closed loop structures.Circ RNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play key roles in tumorigenesis,diagnosis,and tumor therapy.Circ RNAs function as competing endogenous RNAs or micro RNA sponges that regulate transcription and splicing,binding to proteins,and translation.Circ RNAs may serve as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis,and they show potential as therapeutic targets in cancers including breast cancer(BC).In women,BC is the most common malignant tumor worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death.Although evidence indicates that circ RNAs play a critical role in BC,the mechanisms regulating the function of circ RNAs in BC remain poorly understood.Here,we provide literature review aiming to clarify the role of circ RNAs in BC and summarize the latest research.We provide a systematic overview of the biogenesis and biological functions of circ RNAs,elaborate on the functional roles of circ RNAs in BC,and highlight the value of circ RNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in BC.

摘要： Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women,and the current treatment mainly includes surgery,radiotherapy and chemotherapy.With the development of cell biology,molecular biology and immunology,breast cancer has entered the era of immunotherapy.Through multi-level and multi-way regulation of relevant genes and proteins,TCM regulates the immune microenvironment,and has great advantages in inhibiting tumor progression,alleviating surgical complications,improving immune system function,alleviating the damage to the body caused by surgery,radiotherapy and chemotherapy,and reducing the recurrence rate etc,provides ideas for the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer.This paper discusses the understanding of breast cancer in Traditional Chinese medicine,the influence of immune microenvironment on the occurrence and development of breast cancer,and the regulation of immune microenvironment in breast cancer by traditional Chinese medicine,in order to provide theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer with traditional Chinese medicine.

摘要： Introduction: The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of hematological toxicity during breast cancer chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that took place in the cancerology and internal medicine department during the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, i.e. a period of 1 year. Were included in our study: patients with and histological diagnosis, and having received at least two cycles of chemotherapy and having presented hematological toxicity: anemia and/or neutropenia. The variables studied were: Age, level of study, socioeconomic level, stage of extension, type of chemotherapy, type of toxicity: neutropenia and anemia. Bivariate analysis was done between anemia, neutropenia and type of chemotherapy. Results: The average age of the patients was 50.35 ± 13.6 years. The extremes were 27 years and 79 years old. The most represented age group was the age group from 37 to 46 years with 18 cases or 33.33%. The most represented level study in our study was the primary level 63%, followed by secondary level 26% and the upper or superior level 11%. Metastatic stage of location was represented in 16.6% of cases, the local stage was represented in 16.7% of cases. The most common chemotherapy used was FAC protocol in 50% of cases, followed by FAC + DOCETAXEL in 47% of cases, AC protocol was used in 3% of cases. The most represented grade of neutropenia was grade 3 in 53% of cases, followed by grade 2 in 27% of cases and grade 1 in 20%. Grade 1 anemia was the most represented in 70% of cases, followed respectively by grade 2 in 27%. The majority of patients had received more than 3 courses of chemotherapy in 83% of cases. Grade 3 neutropenia was observed mostly in the advanced stages, 15 cases at the locoregional stage. Grade 1 anemia was most common in patients who received more than 3 courses of chemotherapy. The FAC chemotherapy protocol was responsible for more grade 3 anemia in 14 cases. FAC-type chemotherapy was associated with grade 3 and 2 neutropenia in 8 cases and 4 cases, but the results were not significant. FAC + DOCEAXEL type chemotherapy was also responsible for grade 3 and 2 neutropenia in 8 cases and 4 cases P > 5% respectively. Conclusion: Hematological toxicity in the context of our limited resources is dominated by anemia and neutropenia. The knowledge of this hematological toxicity is necessary for the limitation of the delay of chemotherapy.

摘要： BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with an unclear etiology and is the most common malignant tumor in women.Surgery is the main clinical treatment for breast cancer.Although traditional total mastectomy combined with axillary lymph node dissection is effective,it can result in shoulder dysfunction,especially in middle-aged and elderly patients with breast cancer with weak constitution and other underlying diseases.Furthermore,the postoperative quality of life is poor.AIM To assess breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer treatment and their correlation with polyligand proteoglycan-1.METHODS Overall,80 patients with breast cancer treated in our hospital from January 2021 to July 2021 were retrospectively selected and divided into an observation group(n=44)and control group(n=36)according to the treatment plan.The observation group was treated with breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy,and the control group was treated with total breast resection.Simultaneously,immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of syndecan-1(SDC-1)in the lesions,and its relationship with clinicopathological findings was analyzed.RESULTS Intraoperative blood loss,operation time,and hospital stay in the observation group were 65.51±9.94 m L,65.59±9.40 min,and 14.80±3.03 d,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in the control group(P0.05).The positive expression rate of SDC-1 in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC)stageⅡwas 14.29%,which was significantly lower than that in patients with AJCC stageⅠ(P0.05).CONCLUSION Breast preservation surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer treatment have fewer complications and quicker recovery than those treated with total breast resection.Low SDC-1 expression in breast cancer lesions is related to AJCC staging.

摘要： Breast cancer is one of the leading diseases that affect women’s lives. It affects their lives in so many ways by denying them the required standard of health needed to carry out all of their daily activities for some days, weeks, months or years before eventually causing death. This research estimates the survival rate of breast cancer patients and investigates the effects of stage of tumor, gender, age, ethnic group, occupation, marital status and type of cancer upon the survival of patients. Data used for the study were extracted from the case file of patients in the Radiation Oncology Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan using a well-structured pro forma in which 74 observations were censored and 30 events occurred. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the overall survival probability of breast cancer patients following their recruitment into the study and determine the mean and median survival times of breast cancer patients following their time of recruitment into the study. Since there are different groups with respect to the stages of tumor at the time of diagnosis, the log-rank test was used to compare the survival curve of the stages of tumor with considering p-values below 0.05 as statistically significant. Multivariate Cox regression was used to investigate the effects of some variables on the survival of patients. The overall cumulative survival probability obtained is 0.175 (17.5%). The overall estimated mean time until death is 28.751 weeks while the median time between admission and death is 23 weeks. As the p-value (0.000032) of the log-rank test for comparing stages of tumor is less than 0.05, it is concluded that there is significant evidence of a difference in survival times for the stages of tumor. The survival function plot for the stages of tumor shows that patients with stage III tumor are less likely to survive. From the estimated mean time until death for the stages of tumor, it was deduced that stage I tumor patients have an increased chance of survival. Types of cancer, gender, marital status, ethnic group, occupation and patient’s age at entry into the study are not important predictors of chances of survival.

摘要： BACKGROUND Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome(PNS)is a rare complication in patients with cancer.PNS can affect the central,peripheral,autonomic nervous system,neuromuscular junction,or muscles and cause various neurological symptoms.Anti-Yo antibody-positive neurological paraneoplasms and anti-Hu antibodypositive neurological paraneoplasms are common,but coexistence of both types has not been described in the literature.CASE SUMMARY Here we present a rare case of paraneoplastic neuropathy occurring in both breast and lung cancers.A 55-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with unsteadiness while walking.The patient had a history of breast cancer two years previously.Chest computed tomography revealed a 4.6 cm×3.6 cm mass in the right lung,which was diagnosed as small-cell lung cancer(SCLC).Blood test was positive for anti-Yo antibodies,and the cerebrospinal fluid was positive for both anti-Yo and anti-Hu antibodies,and the neurological symptoms were considered to be related to the paraneoplasm.The patient was treated with a course of intravenous immunoglobulin,without noticeable improvement.After being discharged from hospital,the patient underwent regular chemotherapy for SCLC and periodic reviews.The patient’s neurological symptoms continued to deteriorate at the follow-up visit in April 2021.CONCLUSION This case suggests the possibility of two types of tumors appearing simultaneously with two paraneoplastic antibodies.The clinical appearance of two or more paraneoplastic tumors requires additional attention.

摘要： Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy among women globally.From being fourth in the list of most common cancers in India during the 1990s,it has now become the first.In this review,we examine the available literature to understand the factors that contributed to the high burden of breast cancer in the country.We also provide the landscape of changes in the field of early diagnosis and the treatment modalities as well as the limitations of the Indian healthcare delivery systems(e.g.,delayed diagnosis,human resources and funding for treatment).This review also sheds light on the newer interventions and the future of breast cancer management keeping in mind the coronavirus disease 2019 imposed limitations.

摘要： BACKGROUND Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome(PRES)is a neurotoxic encephalopathic state with clinical symptoms such as headache,altered consciousness,visual disturbances,and seizures.Vasogenic edema occurs predominantly in the posterior occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.PRES is caused by various diseases,and its mechanism remains unclear.However,it can be easily diagnosed based on characteristic lesions on magnetic resonance imaging.CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old woman with unremarkable past medical history presented with progressively worsening back pain since 2 mo.Physical examinations revealed paralumbar muscle tenderness,a large lesion on the right breast and several masslike lesions on both breasts.The blood pressure(BP)was elevated(150/90 mmHg),and did not respond to antihypertensive medication.On the seventh day of hospitalization,she exhibited a confused mental status and generalized tonicclonic seizures.On magnetic resonance imaging,bilateral cortical and subcortical edema of the occipital lobes,suggestive of PRES,was observed.The serum calcium was 15.8 mg/dL.After two days of treatment with nicardipine,elcatonin,and zolendronic acid,her BP was 130/91 mmHg and serum calcium was 10.1 mg/dL.The patient regained consciousness and her mental status improved.Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography revealed right breast cancer with extensive metastases.CONCLUSION Although rare,hypercalcemia can lead to PRES by causing uncontrolled hypertension.Prompt diagnosis can help prevent severe mental disturbances and even death.

摘要： BACKGROUND Trastuzumab is a generally safe agent prescribed in the systemic treatment of breast cancer.Tinnitus is not a currently known adverse event related to trastuzumab.Here,we describe a rare case of severe tinnitus and a migraine headache induced by trastuzumab used for adjuvant therapy.CASE SUMMARY A 37-year-old woman was diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer.After surgery,she was treated with four cycles of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide;she then received docetaxel and a loading dose of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab.Less than half an hour after trastuzumab infusion,the patient complained of severe tinnitus and left-sided migraine headache.Trastuzumab monotherapy was discontinued immediately,and symptoms disappeared after 10 min.Trastuzumab was readministered,and severe tinnitus and migraine headache recurred.Trastuzumab was stopped,and severe tinnitus diminished after 10 min.Pertuzumab and docetaxel therapy was then administered,and no adverse events were observed.Subsequent infusions of trastuzumab every three weeks did not show the same symptoms.CONCLUSION Although trastuzumab is well-tolerated in most patients,we should pay attention to the risk of severe tinnitus and migraine.

摘要： BACKGROUND Chronic radiative chest wall ulcers are common in patients undergoing radiation therapy.If not treated early,then symptoms such as erosion,bleeding and infection will appear on the skin.In severe cases,ulcers invade the ribs and pleura,presenting a mortality risk.Small ulcers can be repaired with pedicle flaps.Because radioactive ulcers often invade the thorax,surgeons need to remove large areas of skin and muscle,and sometimes ribs.Repairing large chest wall defects are a challenge for surgeons.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old female patient was admitted to our department with chest wall skin ulceration after radiation therapy for left breast cancer.The patient was diagnosed with chronic radioactive ulceration.After multidisciplinary discussion,the authors performed expansive resection of the chest wall ulcers and repaired large chest wall defects using a deep inferior epigastric perforator(DIEP)flap combined with a high-density polyethylene(HDPE)patch.The patient was followed-up 6 mo after the operation.No pigmentation or edema was found in the flap.CONCLUSION DIEP flap plus HDPE patch is one of the better treatments for radiation-induced chest wall ulcers.

摘要： To evaluate the usefulness of MRIfor women with hereditary breast cancer risk in Taiwan.Ac-cording to the reports from our government，breast cancerhad become the second place of neoplasm in our female popu-lation.It also ranked the 5th place in cancer mortality.Thecontrol of breast cancer may be achieved by early detection，careful diagnosis and effective therapy.Prevention of breastcancer is still far remote in consideration.There are manyimaging modalities for breast examinations.They includedthe followings：conventional mammography(MG)，digitalmammography， ultrasonography (US)， computed tomo-graphy(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Methods：We retrospectively revealed the MRI examinationfor women with hereditary breast cancer risk form January2003 to June 2007.The MRI examinations were performedwith a 1.5 Tesla machine.The imaging sequence includes T1axisI and T2 axisl without Gadolinium contrast，T1 with fatsuppression and Gadolinium contrast,post-processing im-age subtraction was then performed.Time-signal intensitycurve performed when necessary.Most breast cancers en-hance rapidly and profoundly after the intravenous injectionof gadolinium--based contrast agents.The factors accountfor the enhancement are：secretion of tumor angiogenesis fac-tors(recruitment of new blood vessels)，increase in capillarypermeability，changes in osmolar pressure and expansion of the interstitial space.The contrast agents are distributed in the extracellular space after intravenous injection and tend toaccumulate in tissues with rich vascularity.The women withhereditary breast cancer risk had positive family history.Thepositive family history included a family member with breastcancer.The family member might be grandmother，mother,daughter and sister.Result：There were altogether 230 women received Mrlbreast examination.There were 28 women(8.2％)had post-tive family history.Twelve of them had positive finding inMRl examinations.All of them had histologiesl results.Nineof them found to have invasive breast cancer.The sensitivitywas 100％and the specificity was 68.4％.Conclusions：Offering MRI screening to high riskwomen is better than none at all.However there are ques-tions have to be answered for MRI used as screening tool forhigh risk patient.First，is MRI an effective test in the con-text of screening high risk women?Second，is there evidenceof benefit of screening high risk women with MRI?It is notyet clear whether the enhanced sensitivity of MRI will trans-Iate into a reduction in breast cancer related mortality.