Review

摘要： The inability of damaged neurons to regenerate within the mature central nervous system(CNS)is a significant neuroscientific challenge.Astrocytes are an essential component of the CNS and participate in many physiological processes including blood-brain barrier formation,axon growth regulation,neuronal support,and higher cognitive functions such as memory.Recent reprogramming studies have confirmed that astrocytes in the mature CNS can be transformed into functional neurons.Building on in vitro work,many studies have demonstrated that astrocytes can be transformed into neurons in different disease models to replace damaged or lost cells.However,many findings in this field are controversial,as the source of new neurons has been questioned.This review summarizes progress in reprogramming astrocytes into neurons in vivo in animal models of spinal cord injury,brain injury,Huntington’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and other neurodegenerative conditions.

摘要： Epigenetics focuses on DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling,noncoding RNAs,and other gene regulation mechanisms beyond the DNA sequence.In the past decade,epigenetic modifications have drawn more attention as they participate in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy despite tight control of glucose levels.The underlying mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy still urgently need to be elucidated.The diabetic condition facilitates epigenetic changes and influences target gene expression.In this review,we summarize the involvement of epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and propose novel insights into the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)poses a serious threat to human life and health as well as social and economic development.In order to deal with this public health event,scientific research institutions around the world have rapidly developed and put vaccines into urgent use,bringing hope to the victory over the epidemic.However,as the Novel Coronavirus continues to spread throughout the world,the virus genome has mutated to form a variety of variants.Among them,the Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta and Omicron variants show higher infectivity and higher resistance to vaccines and neutralizing antibodies,posing new challenges to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.At present,the effect of variants on the effectiveness of developed vaccines has become a hot topic of global discussion.In this paper,we briefly review the new progress of novel Coronavirus variants and their effects on vaccine immune protection.

摘要： Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)is a kind of mental disorder caused by severe traumatic events.It has a high incidence,a serious of impacts on the physical and mental health of patients.Especially in the current situation of COVID-19,the researches on PTSD are particularly important,but the choice of drugs available for PTSD is limited and it is often accompanied by adverse reactions.In the field of acupuncture,there are many clinical research evidences suggested that PTSD is a predominant disease of acupuncture.However,its action mechanisms have not been fully elucidated,so the possible mechanisms of acupuncture in treating PTSD were discussed.

摘要： Introduction of effective drugs in the treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection has prompted the World Health Organization to declare a global eradication target by 2030.Propositions have been made to screen the general population and treat all HCV carriers irrespective of the disease status.A year ago the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus appeared causing a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 disease.Huge financial resources were redirected,and the pandemic became the first priority in every country.In this review,we examined the feasibility of the World Health Organization elimination program and the actual natural course of HCV infection.We also identified and analyzed certain comorbidity factors that may aggravate the progress of HCV and some marginalized subpopulations with characteristics favoring HCV dissemination.Alcohol consumption,HIV coinfection and the presence of components of metabolic syndrome including obesity,hyperuricemia and overt diabetes were comorbidities mostly responsible for increased liverrelated morbidity and mortality of HCV.We also examined the significance of special subpopulations like people who inject drugs and males having sex with males.Finally,we proposed a different micro-elimination screening and treatment program that can be implemented in all countries irrespective of income.We suggest that screening and treatment of HCV carriers should be limited only in these particular groups.

摘要： Recently,a single letter change has taken the world by storm.A group of experts have developed a consensus to upgrade the term non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)to metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD),suggesting that MAFLD would more accurately reflect not only the disease pathogenesis but would also help in patient stratification for management with NAFLD.However,the difference of opinion exists,which has made the NAFLD vs MAFLD debate the current talk of the town.This review will focus on the plausibility and implications of redefining NAFLD as MAFLD.

摘要： Lateral epicondylitis(LE)is a chronic aseptic inflammatory condition caused by repetitive microtrauma and excessive overload of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.This is the most common cause of musculoskeletal pain syndrome in the elbow,inducing significant pain and limitation of the function of the upper limb.It affects approximately 1-3%of the population and is frequently seen in racquet sports and sports associated with functional overload of the elbow,such as tennis,squash,gymnastics,acrobatics,fitness,and weight lifting.Typewriters,artists,musicians,electricians,mechanics,and other professions requiring frequent repetitive movements in the elbow and wrists are also affected.LE is a leading causation for absence from work and lower sport results in athletes.The treatment includes a variety of conservative measures,but if those fail,surgery is indicated.This review summarizes the knowledge about this disease,focusing on risk factors,expected course,prognosis,and conservative and surgical treatment approaches.

摘要： Neurovascular dysfunction,as an integral part of Alzheimer's disease,may have an important influence on the onset and progression of chronic neurodegenerative processes.The bloodbrain barrier(BBB)pathway is one of the main pathways that mediates the clearance of amyloidbeta(Aβ)in the brain parenchyma.A large number of studies have shown that receptors and ATPbinding cassette transporte rs expressed on endothelial cells play an important role in Aβtransport across the BBB,but the specific mechanism is not clear.In this review,we summarize the possible mechanisms of Aβproduction and clearance,and in particular the relationship between Aβand brain capillary endothelial cells.Aβis produced by abnormal cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein via amyloidogenic processing under pathological conditions.Dys regulation of Aβclearance is considered to be the main reason for the massive accumulation of Aβin the brain parenchyma.Several pathways mediating Aβclearance from the brain into the periphery have been identified,including the BBB pathway,the blood-cerebros pinal fluid barrier and arachnoid granule pathway,and the lymphoidrelated pathway.Brain ca pilla ry endothelial cells are the key components of Aβclearance mediated by BBB.Receptors(such as LRP1,RAGE,and FcRn)and ATP-binding cassette transporters(such as P-gp,ABCA1,and ABCC1)expressed on endothelial cells play a critical role in Aβtranscytosis across the BBB.The toxic effects of Aβcan induce dysregulation of receptor and transpo rter expression on endothelial cells.Excessive Aβexerts potent detrimental cerebrovascular effects by promoting oxidative stress,inducing chronic inflammation,and impairing endothelial structure and functions.All of these are main causes for the reduction in Aβclearance across the BBB and the accumulation of Aβin the brain parenchyma.Therefo re,studies on the intera ctions between Aβand brain capillary endothelial cells,including their receptors and transporters,studies on inhibition of the toxic effects of Aβon endothelial cells,and studies on promoting the ability of endothelial cells to mediate Aβclearance may provide new therapeutic strategies for Aβclearance in Alzheimer's disease.

摘要： Extracellular vesicles are composed of fragments of exfoliated plasma membrane,organelles or nuclei and are released after cell activation,apoptosis or destruction.Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles are the most abundant type of extracellular vesicle in the blood of patients with traumatic brain injury.Accumulated laboratory and clinical evidence shows that platelet-derived extracellular vesicles play an important role in coagulopathy and inflammation after traumatic brain injury.This review discusses the recent progress of research on platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in coagulopathy and inflammation and the potential of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles as therapeutic targets for traumatic brain injury.

摘要： Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is a devastating medical disorder with poor prognosis that is associated with several pathophysiological conditions.However,multiple stimuli can trigger SCII,so the underlying mechanism of this pathology has not yet been fully established.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of non-coding RNAs that mediate a variety of nervous system diseases and regulate numerous physiological functions,including apoptosis,autophagy,inflammation,and blood-spinal cord barrier damage.miRNA expression profiles are known to be altered after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury.Therefore,gaining a better understanding of the significant roles that miRNAs play in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury could help develop potential preventive and therapeutic strategies for spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury.This review summarizes the current state of our knowledge about the relationship between miRNAs and spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury,as well as potential miRNAs that could be targeted to treat spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury.

摘要： Australian sports develop rapidly. The paper discusses the studies of Australian Sport in China bythe methods of documentary and logical analysis. The author proposes that the topics on Australian sport arequite diversified, including teach of P.E. in the schools, sports management, participation of disabled andwomen etc. Others on the reasons why competitive sports in Australia reached a high level. The ancientGreece had deeply influened on Australian for the mass sport. Finally, some advices were given to the policymaker.

摘要： Australian sports develop rapidly. The paper discusses the studies of Australian Sport in China bythe methods of documentary and logical analysis. The author proposes that the topics on Australian sport arequite diversified, including teach of P.E. in the schools, sports management, participation of disabled andwomen etc. Others on the reasons why competitive sports in Australia reached a high level. The ancientGreece had deeply influened on Australian for the mass sport. Finally, some advices were given to the policymaker.

摘要： Australian sports develop rapidly. The paper discusses the studies of Australian Sport in China bythe methods of documentary and logical analysis. The author proposes that the topics on Australian sport arequite diversified, including teach of P.E. in the schools, sports management, participation of disabled andwomen etc. Others on the reasons why competitive sports in Australia reached a high level. The ancientGreece had deeply influened on Australian for the mass sport. Finally, some advices were given to the policymaker.

摘要： 本发明提供一种利用SEM review图像分析晶圆面内CD均一性的方法，提供SEM review机台；利用SEM review机台的拍摄功能，对晶圆上待量测CD区域拍摄包含多个图形结构的多张照片；利用光谱拟合的图形处理方法将每张所述照片上的待量测CD区域的多个图形结构进行CD量测；光谱拟合的图形处理方法基于图形结构最宽两边的灰度不同抓取图形结构上最宽区域的两点；并且量测该两点之间的距离，该距离作为图形结构所需量测的CD值。本发明利用SEM review机台相比传统量测CD的机台，能够更快速的收集大量图形的图像，之后通过后期的图形处理，可以在一张图形内获得更多的图形的尺寸，能够监控的位置更多，对工艺的改善有很大帮助，同时节约大量量测机时。

摘要： 本发明提供了一种在PCB设计中layout review的装置及方法，所述的装置包括：工具调用模块，利用skill程序文件调用工具操作模块；工具操作模块，包括利用地址映射获取文件的入口模块和利用编辑指令检查或修改文件的操作模块。所述的方法包括：S1：检查者通过工具调用模块打开工具操作模块，并进入检查模块检查文件存在的问题；S2：设计者获取检查后的文件，并进入修改模块修改问题；S3：设计者获取修改后的文件，并进入检查模块再次检查，若检查通过，则关闭问题，若检查未通过，则返回S2。该设计可用于各个岗位人员对layout设计的review阶段，大大提高了工作效率和准确度，有利于提高设计质量。