rat

摘要： The sensorimotor and histological aspects of peripheral neuropathies were already studied by our team in two rat models:the sciatic nerve crush and the Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A disease.In this study,we sought to highlight and compare the protein signature of these two pathological situations.Indeed,the identification of protein profiles in diseases can play an important role in the development of pharmacological targets.In fact,Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A rats develop motor impairments that are more severe in the hind limbs.Therefore,for the first time,protein expression in sciatic nerve of Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A rats was examined.First,distal sciatic nerves were collected from Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A and uninjured wild-type rats aged 3 months.After protein extraction,sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was employed.445 proteins mapped to Swiss-Prot or trEMBL Uniprot databases were identified and quantified.Of these,153 proteins showed statistically significant differences between Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A and wild-type groups.The majority of these proteins were overexpressed in Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A.Hierarchical clustering and functional enrichment using Gene Ontology were used to group these proteins based on their biological effects concerning Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A pathophysiology.Second,proteomic characterization of wild-type rats subjected to sciatic nerve crush was performed sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.One month after injury,distal sciatic nerves were collected and analyzed as described above.Out of 459 identified proteins,92 showed significant differences between sciatic nerve crush and the uninjured wild-type rats used in the first study.The results suggest that young adult Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A rats(3 months old)develop compensatory mechanisms at the level of redox balance,protein folding,myelination,and axonogenesis.These mechanisms seem insufficient to hurdle the progress of the disease.Notably,response to oxidative stress appears to be a significant feature of Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1A,potentially playing a role in the pathological process.In contrast to the first experiment,the majority of the proteins that differed from wild-type were downregulated in the sciatic nerve crush group.Functional enrichment suggested that neurogenesis,response to axon injury,and oxidative stress were important biological processes.Protein analysis revealed an imperfect repair at this time point after injury and identified several distinguishable proteins.In conclusion,we suggest that peripheral neuropathies,whether of a genetic or traumatic cause,share some common pathological pathways.This study may provide directions for better characterization of these models and/or identifying new specific therapeutic targets.

摘要： Wallerian degeneration is a complex biological process that occurs after nerve injury,and involves nerve degeneration and regeneration.Schwann cells play a crucial role in the cellular and molecular events of Wallerian degeneration of the peripheral nervous system.However,Wallerian degeneration regulating nerve injury and repair remains largely unknown,especially the early response.We have previously reported some key regulators of Wallerian degeneration after sciatic nerve injury.Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat-containing protein 3(BIRC3)is an important factor that regulates apoptosis-inhibiting protein.In this study,we established rat models of right sciatic nerve injury.In vitro Schwann cell models were also established and subjected to gene transfection to inhibit and overexpress BIRC3.The data indicated that BIRC3 expression was significantly up-regulated after sciatic nerve injury.Both BIRC3 upregulation and downregulation affected the migration,proliferation and apoptosis of Schwan cells and affected the expression of related factors through activating c-fos and ERK signal pathway.Inhibition of BIRC3 delayed early Wallerian degeneration through inhibiting the apoptosis of Schwann cells after sciatic nerve injury.These findings suggest that BIRC3 plays an important role in peripheral nerve injury repair and regeneration.The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nantong University,China(approval No.2019-nsfc004)on March 1,2019.

摘要： Background & Objective: Chronic excessive alcohol consumption causes white matter degeneration with myelin loss and impaired neuronal conductivity. Subsequent rarefaction of myelin accounts for the sustained deficits in cognition, learning, and memory. Correspondingly, chronic heavy or repeated binge alcohol exposures in humans and experimental models alter myelin lipid composition leading to build-up of ceramides which can be neurotoxic and broadly inhibitory to brain functions. Methods: This study examined the effects of chronic + binge alcohol exposures (8 weeks) and intervention with myriocin, a ceramide inhibitor, on neurobehavioral functions (Open Field, Novel Object Recognition, and Morris Water Maze tests) and frontal lobe white matter myelin lipid biochemical pathology in an adult Long-Evans rat model. Results: The ethanol-exposed group had significant deficits in executive functions with increased indices of anxiety and impairments in spatial learning acquisition. Myriocin partially remediated these effects of ethanol while not impacting behavior in the control group. Ethanol-fed rats had significantly smaller brains with broadly reduced expression of sulfatides and reduced expression of two of the three sphingomyelins detected in frontal white matter. Myriocin partially resolved these effects corresponding with improvements in neurobehavioral function. Conclusion: Therapeutic strategies that support cerebral white matter myelin expression of sulfatide and sphingomyelin may help remediate cognitive-behavioral dysfunction following chronic heavy alcohol consumption in humans.

摘要： Polygonatum sibiricum is a traditional medicinal and dietary plant of the family Liliaceae. The main functional macromolecules of P. sibiricum are polysaccharides, which function in antioxidation and regulating immunity. Previous studies have shown that insulin resistance(IR), oxidative stress, and inflammation are important factors in the induction of lipid metabolic diseases such as obesity. Therefore, in this study, we established a high-fat diet-induced rat model of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) to explore the potential protective effect of P. sibiricum polysaccharides(PSPs) and the mechanisms behind it. After 4 weeks of high-fat diet feeding to induce obesity, the rats were treated with different doses of PSP solution or distilled water for 6 weeks. Compared with untreated obese rats, PSP-treated obese rats showed a decrease in body weight, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, hepatic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity, hepatic malondialdehyde content, and hepatic levels of the pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, as well as increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Pathological analysis and immunoblotting of the liver tissues indicated that mechanistically, PSPs reduced obesity and NAFLD in rats by upregulating insulin receptor expression, increasing adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and downregulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression, thus promoting lipid metabolism, decreasing body weight, and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress caused by lipid accumulation. Based on these results, PSPs may have the potential to reduce obesity and NAFLD associated with a high-fat diet.

摘要： Objective:To explore the protective effects of anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate(AH_(2)QDS)on the kidneys of paraquat(PQ)poisoned rats via the apelin-APJ pathway.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups:control,PQ,PQ+sivelestat,and PQ+AH_(2)QDS.The PQ+sivelestat group served as the positive control group.The model of poisoning was established via intragastric treatment with a 20%PQ pesticide solution at 200 mg/kg.Two hours after poisoning,the PQ+sivelestat group was treated with sivelestat,while the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group was given AH_(2)QDS.Six rats were selected from each group on the first,third,and seventh days after poisoning and dissected after anesthesia.The PQ content of the kidneys was measured using the sodium disulfite method.Hematoxylin-eosin staining of renal tissues was performed to detect pathological changes.Apelin expression in the renal tissues was detected using immunofluorescence.Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of the following proteins in the kidney tissues:IL-6,TNF-α,apelin-APJ(the apelin-angiotensin receptor),NF-κB p65,caspase-1,caspase-8,glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78),and the C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP).In in vitro study,a PQ toxicity model was established using human tubular epithelial cells treated with standard PQ.Twenty-four hours after poisoning,sivelestat and AH_(2)QDS were administered.The levels of oxidative stress in human renal tubular epithelial cells were assessed using a reactive oxygen species fluorescence probe.Results:The PQ content in the kidney tissues of the PQ group was higher than that of the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group.Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed extensive hemorrhage and congestion in the renal parenchyma of the PQ group.Vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubule epithelial cells,deposition of crescent-like red staining material in renal follicles,infiltration by a few inflammatory cells,and a small number of cast formation were also observed.However,these pathological changes were less severe in the PQ+sivelestat group and the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group(P<0.05).On the third day after poisoning,immunofluorescence assay showed that the level of apelin in the renal tissues was significantly higher in the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group than in the PQ group.Western blotting analysis results showed that IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB p65,caspase-1,caspase-8,GRP78,and CHOP protein levels in the PQ group were higher than in the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group(P<0.05).The expression of apelin-APJ proteins in the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group was higher than in the PQ+sivelestat and PQ groups(P<0.05);this difference was significant on Day 3 and Day 7.The level of oxidative stress in the renal tubular epithelial cells of the PQ+AH_(2)QDS group and the PQ+sivelestat group was significantly lower than in the PQ group(P<0.05).Conclusions:This study confirms that AH_(2)QDS has a protective effect on PQ-poisoned kidneys and its positive effect is superior to that of sivelestat.The mechanism of the protective effects of AH_(2)QDS may be linked to reduction in cellular oxidative stress,PQ content of renal tissue,inflammatory injury,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and apoptosis.AH_(2)QDS may play a role in the treatment of PQ poisoning by upregulating the expression of the apelin-APJ.

摘要： Objective:To investigate the role of Mirabilis jalapa root extracts in restoration of glucose homeostasis in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Wistar albino rats.Methods:Experimental hyperglycemic rats were treated daily with 200 and 400 mg/kg of Mirabilis jalapa extracts after initial fasting for 6 h.Two-hour postprandial glucose and changes in body weight were monitored during treatment.After 14 d,the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for biochemical assessment of serum glucose and insulin levels,lipid profile,and oxidative stress markers.Histopathological examinations of harvested pancreas were also carried out.Results:Mirabilis jalapa root extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the body weight of hyperglycemic rats.Postprandial glucose levels of the extract-treated hyperglycemic groups progressively declined during treatment compared with the untreated hyperglycemic control group(P<0.05).The lipid profile indices of the untreated negative control group were significantly elevated(P<0.05),which were reversed by treatment with Mirabilis jalapa extracts.The remarkable increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels were observed in the hyperglycemic group treated with Mirabilis jalapa extracts.Mirabilis jalapa extracts also significantly increased serum insulin levels(P<0.05).In addition,histopathological examinations of the pancreas revealed a significant cell population within the islet nests of the extract-treated hyperglycemic groups.Conclusions:Mirabilis jalapa extract can restore glucose homeostasis and show hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in hyperglycemic rats.Further studies are needed to verify the active components of the plant and the underlying mechanism of action in the future.

摘要： Objective:To investigate the effect of Wei’s triple nine needling therapy on the N2-P2 wave of the flash visual evoked potential(FVEP)in rats of the of the transverse directional pulling model.Methods:Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly grouped,nine were in normal control group without any treatment,and the remaining 27 were surgically modelled in the right eyes.Eighteen of these rats were randomly divided into a Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group and a model group of nine rats each after the TON model was made using the transverse quantitative retraction method.The other 9 rats were sham-operated,and only the optic nerve was exposed without retraction.On the next day of modelling,the Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group was treated with Wei’s triple nine needling therapy for 20 minutes/1 time/1 day for 14 days.The model group,sham-operated group and normal control group were not intervened.Wei's triple nine acupoints were represented as follows:1st link:"Jingming"(BL1)and"Chengqi"(ST1);2nd link:"Sizhukong"(SJ23)penetrating"Taiyang"(EX-HN5);and the third:"Fengchi"(GB 20)and"Taichong"(LV3).The FVEP of each group was observed on 1d,7d and 14d.The FVEP of each group was observed on 1d,7d and 14d.Results:Compared with the model group,the N2 wave latency and P2 wave latency were shortened in the Wei’s triple nine needling therapy on 1d(P0.05).The delayed N2 and P2 wave latencies in the model group did not improve from 1d to 14d(P>0.05)and the amplitude decreased throughout,showing a significant difference on 14d compared to 1d(P0.05).There was also no significant decrease in N2-P2 wave amplitude between 1d and 14d in Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group(P>0.05).Conclusion:In this experiment,the TON rat model was successfully established by the transverse quantitative retraction method,and the treatment of TON rats with Wei’s triple nine needling therapy reduced the P2 wave delay of the FVEP electrophysiological signal and increased the N2-P2 amplitude,which had a certain positive effect on the repair of optic nerve injury,probably related to its effect of improving the conduction function of the optic nerve and protecting the retinal ganglion cells that had not been degenerated and necrosed.

摘要： Objective:To investigate the prophylactic efficacy of date palm fruit extract against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.Methods:The rats were equally and randomly assigned to 6 groups:group 1(untreated control),group 2 and 3 given daily oral administration of prophylactic aqueous extract of date palm fruit at 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight,respectively,and group 4,5 and 6 intraperitoneally injected with doxorubicin at 15 mg/kg on day 30.Rats in group 5 and 6 received daily oral administration of aqueous extract of date palm fruit at 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight,respectively,for 30 d.The phytochemicals identified by GC-MS analysis were analyzed using in silico study.Antioxidant enzymes,liver enzymatic,biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis were determined to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of date extract.Results:Aqueous extract of date palm fruit significantly mitigated doxorubicin-induced changes in activities of liver enzymes,reduced reactive oxygen species levels,and suppressed lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.Moreover,aqueous extract of date palm fruit reduced doxorubicin-induced hepatic lesions.Molecular docking studies showed that most compounds of aqueous extract of date palm fruit identified via GC-MS had good interaction with proteins of human pregnane X receptor,oxygenase-1,and CYP2C9.Conclusions:The aqueous extract of date palm fruit mitigates doxorubicin-mediated DNA damage and hepatotoxicity,and restores normal liver function and may be a promising agent against the deleterious effects of doxorubicin.

摘要： BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP1)is an endogenous peptide that regulates blood glucose level.But its susceptibility to rapid metabolic degradation limits its therapeutic use.AIM To prepare GLP1-encapsulated nanosize particle with controlled release property to improve the systemic half-life of GLP1.METHODS GLP1 nanoparticles were prepared by complexation of GLP1 with carbonate apatite nanoparticles(CA NPs).The physicochemical properties of the CA NPs,the effects of GLP1-loaded CA NPs on cell viability,and the systemic bioavailability of GLP1 after CA NPs administration were determined.RESULTS The GLP1-loaded CA NPs was within 200 nm in size and stable in fetal bovine serum.The formulation did not affect the viability of human cell lines suggesting that the accumulation of CA NPs in target tissues is safe.In Sprague Dawley rats,the plasma GLP1 Levels as measured from the GLP1-loaded CA NPs-treated rats,were significantly higher than that of the control rats and free GLP1-treated rats at 1 h post-treatment(P<0.05),and the level remained higher than the other two groups for at least 4 h.CONCLUSION The GLP1-loaded CA NPs improved the plasma half-life of GLP1.The systemic bioavailability of GLP1 is longer than other GLP1 nanoparticles reported to date.

摘要： Background: Mancozeb, (ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate), is an important fungicide useful against a wide range of fungus affecting ornamental plants, crops, and fruits. We aimed to evaluate the changes in the olfactory mucosa due to mancozeb toxicity and, if cytokine is active, IL-6 immunoactivity. Material and Method: In experimental group, the mancozeb (500 mg/kg) was administered with inhalation to 10 male Wistar Albino rats for five days a week. The control group (n = 10) received distilled water with spray at the same time period. The experiment was terminated after three weeks. Samples were placed in 10% formaldehyde for fixation and placed in paraffin, sections of 5 μm were prepared from paraffin blocks and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) primary antibody were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Result: In the mancozeb group, olfactory epithelial cell degeneration and apoptosis, inflammation, dilatation and congestion in the vessels were observed. IL-6 expression was increased in vascular endothelium and inflammatory cells. Conclusions: Mancozeb was thought that the increase in IL-6 expression due to the increase in cell degeneration signal was thought to affect the development of cell apoptosis and angiogenesis, and that the use of mancozeb might adversely affect the olfactory mechanism.

摘要： Taurine is known to act as an osmoregulator and an inhibitory neuromodulator in central nervous system．Recent researches suggest that taurine Selves as a neuroprotector,which may explain its protective effect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity．Glutamate-induced excito-toxicity has been implicated as an important cause of death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in retinal ischemia,glaucoma,and degenerative retinopathy．The purpose of this study was to determine whether taurine has neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in RGCs in vitro models．We used two different primary cultures,one is a rat retinal neuron culture，in which neurotoxicity was induced by using 1 mmol／L glutamate and cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion method，the other is a purified RGCs culture．which used 25 μ mol／L glutamate for three days to trigger neurotoxicity and cell viability WaS assessed by calcein-AM staining living RGCs．TUNEL test and immunofluorescence staining of Thy-1 are used to observe the protective effects of taurine on cultured RGCs，plus confocal microscope Ca2+ imaging analysis of changed[Ca2+]i of RGCs to explore the protective mechanisms．It was founded that taurine (0.1-10mmol/L) reduced the glutamate-induced neuronal death in both retinal neuron and RGCs cultures by a concentration-dependent manner. The effect of taurine was significant at 1 and 10 mmol/L. Taurine also reduced glutamate-induced RGCs apoptosis and Thy-1 expression significantly. In purified cultured RGCs, glutamate-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i is reduced to the basal level upon addition of 1 mol/L taurine, and pretreament of RGCs with taurine greatly suppresses the elevation of [Ca2+]i induced by glutamate. We conclude from these data that taurineexerts a direct neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in retinal neuron and RGCs primary cultures. Our study also implies that taudne protects RGCs against glutamate-inducedexcitotoxicity primarily through modulation of intracellular calcium.

摘要： 基于IP/multicast应用软件的视频会议系统,需要很多组件的支持.其中RAT组件负责音频信号的处理和传输.分析了RAT的整体架构,详细讨论了RAT编解码模块中G.711协议的实现.最后对RAT的运行情况进行了测试.

摘要： 基于IP/multicast应用软件的视频会议系统,需要很多组件的支持.其中RAT组件负责音频信号的处理和传输.分析了RAT的整体架构,详细讨论了RAT编解码模块中G.711协议的实现.最后对RAT的运行情况进行了测试.

摘要： 基于IP/multicast应用软件的视频会议系统,需要很多组件的支持.其中RAT组件负责音频信号的处理和传输.分析了RAT的整体架构,详细讨论了RAT编解码模块中G.711协议的实现.最后对RAT的运行情况进行了测试.

摘要： 基于IP/multicast应用软件的视频会议系统,需要很多组件的支持.其中RAT组件负责音频信号的处理和传输.分析了RAT的整体架构,详细讨论了RAT编解码模块中G.711协议的实现.最后对RAT的运行情况进行了测试.

摘要： 本文基于东南大学目前已有的高性能网络研究和CORBA系统的研究,结合网络教育应用,分析了CORBA A/V流服务,并详细阐述了CORBA A/V流服务中的下层音频控制接口的具体实现.

摘要： 本文基于东南大学目前已有的高性能网络研究和CORBA系统的研究,结合网络教育应用,分析了CORBA A/V流服务,并详细阐述了CORBA A/V流服务中的下层音频控制接口的具体实现.

摘要： 本文基于东南大学目前已有的高性能网络研究和CORBA系统的研究,结合网络教育应用,分析了CORBA A/V流服务,并详细阐述了CORBA A/V流服务中的下层音频控制接口的具体实现.

摘要： 本文基于东南大学目前已有的高性能网络研究和CORBA系统的研究,结合网络教育应用,分析了CORBA A/V流服务,并详细阐述了CORBA A/V流服务中的下层音频控制接口的具体实现.

摘要： 本文基于东南大学目前已有的高性能网络研究和CORBA系统的研究,结合网络教育应用,分析了CORBA A/V流服务,并详细阐述了CORBA A/V流服务中的下层音频控制接口的具体实现.

摘要： 可通过基于重选准则将第一重选候选小型蜂窝小区与第二重选候选小型蜂窝小区作比较来执行用于将用户设备从宏蜂窝小区转换到小型蜂窝小区的蜂窝小区重选，以及基于该比较来选择最终重选候选。

摘要： 公开了用于在无线网络中使用第一无线接入技术(RAT)和辅助RAT进行通信的系统和方法。可以使用第一RAT来与接入点建立第一连接，以及可以使用辅助RAT来与接入点建立第二连接。可以至少部分地基于辅助RAT的时间轴来对第一连接的时序进行同步。可以至少部分地基于对该时序进行同步，通过至少第一连接来与接入点传送数据，以及通过至少第二连接来与接入点传送控制数据，其中，该控制数据与通过至少第一连接传送数据有关。

摘要： 本发明公开涉及在使用第二RAT执行语音呼叫的同时使用第一RAT执行数据通信。使用第一无线电收发装置(例如，用于蜂窝通信的单个无线电收发装置)，使用第一无线电接入技术(RAT)执行数据通信，同时使用第二RAT执行语音呼叫。UE可以使用第一无线电收发装置来初始地利用第一RAT执行第一数据通信。在第一数据通信期间，UE可以不使用第二RAT进行通信，或者可以不一般地维护到第二RAT的连接。随后，UE可以接收对于使用第二RAT执行移动台发起的语音呼叫中的至少一个或接收移动台终止的语音呼叫的指示。因而，UE响应于指示利用第一无线电收发装置利用第二RAT执行语音呼叫。此外，UE可以利用第一无线电收发装置在语音呼叫期间利用第一RAT执行第二数据通信。

摘要： 描述了集成WLAN/WWAN无线电接入技术(“RAT”)架构，其中被用来控制WLAN/WWAN架构的集成的信令通过分组数据汇聚协议(“PDCP”)层和/或在其他层(例如，PDCP层与互联网协议(“IP”)层之间的层)被执行。当涉及PDCP层时，可以使用非标准PDCP分组，包括可变长度的PDCP分组。集成架构可以提供用于执行流量操纵和无线电资源管理的网络控制框架。

摘要： 本发明涉及执行从第二代RAT到第四代RAT的切换。在具有第一RAT、第二RAT和第三RAT的区域中将UE从第一RAT转变到第三RAT。第一RAT可以是第二代RAT，第二RAT可以是第三代RAT，并且第三RAT可以是第四代RAT。第一RAT的网络无法提供第三RAT的信息(例如，邻居列表)。UE可使用信息执行第三RAT的一个或多个基站的测量而不附接到第二RAT。例如，UE可使用预先存储的信息执行第三RAT的测量。替代地，或者另外，UE可从第二RAT接收信息(例如，来自系统信息块)而不附接到第二RAT。UE可随后从第一RAT转变到第三RAT。

摘要： 公开了用于在无线网络中使用第一无线接入技术(RAT)和辅助RAT进行通信的系统和方法。可以使用第一RAT来与接入点建立第一连接，以及可以使用辅助RAT来与接入点建立第二连接。可以至少部分地基于辅助RAT的时间轴来对第一连接的时序进行同步。通过至少第一连接与接入点的通信可以是至少部分地基于所同步的时序的。

摘要： 一种用于希望在无线通信系统的多RAT中同时传输数据的终端(10)的缓冲器状态报告方案，该方案使得不同RAT的多个基站(12、14)(例如LTE eNB、UMTS基站、WiFi接入点等)在终端(10)的协助下能够相互配合以在上行链路中实现多RAT多流聚合的有效无线资源调度。通过网络将无线承载配置用于多RAT多流聚合，并且将多个逻辑信道ID分配给可以与不同RAT相关联的该RB。出于无线资源调度的原因，可以将与特定RAT(或给定组的RAT)相关联的逻辑信道分为一个逻辑信道组。终端(10)根据配置对所有所涉及的RAT执行缓冲器状态报告，并将报告/指示发送给一个或更多个所涉及的基站(12、14)。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种用于设置多无线电接入技术(多RAT)设备对设备(D2D)通信的方法。无线发射/接收单元(WTRU)中的应用程序功能(AF)能够向策略控制功能(PCF)标识具有多无线电接入技术(多RAT)能力的WTRU组，其中该具有多RAT能力的WTRU组的一个或多个具有多RAT能力的WTRU注册为具有增强型设备对设备(ED2D)功能性。该AF能够从具有ED2D功能性的该具有多RAT能力的WTRU组中选择具有多RAT能力的WTRU，作为针对扩展型D2D操作的中继。具有ED2D功能的该设备将充当针对ED2D的中继(RED2D)。该PCF能够使用组相关信息重新配置该RED2D。该RED2D随后能够在该具有多RAT能力的WTRU组之间配置D2D通信。

摘要： 公开了一种发起将用户设备(UE)从第一类型的无线电接入技术(RAT)切换到第二类型的RAT的方法，其中，所述UE经由利用所述第一类型的RAT的无线电接入网(RAN)所包括的接入节点(AN)附接到核心网，其中，所述方法包括以下步骤：所述UE向所述AN发送与所述UE和所述RAN中的接入节点之间的链路的质量有关的测量数据；所述UE从所述AN接收指示符，其中所述指示符通知所述UE存在丢失所述UE与所述无线电接入网之间的连接的风险；由所述接收到的指示符触发，所述UE发起切换，以便经由所述第二类型的RAT接入CN。

摘要： 公开了用于在无线网络中使用第一无线接入技术(RAT)和辅助RAT进行通信的系统和方法。可以使用第一RAT来与接入点建立第一连接，以及可以使用辅助RAT来与接入点建立第二连接。可以至少部分地基于辅助RAT的时间轴来对第一连接的时序进行同步。通过至少第一连接与接入点的通信可以是至少部分地基于所同步的时序的。