Mutations in ZIC2 in human holoprosencephaly: description of a novel ZIC2 specific phenotype and comprehensive analysis of 157 individuals

摘要

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the human forebrain, and may be due to cytogenetic anomalies, teratogens, occur in the context of a syndrome, or be due to mutations in single genes associated with non-syndromic HPE. Mutations in ZIC2, a transcription factor located on chromosome 13q32, are the second-most common cause of non-syndromic, non-chromosomal HPE. Blood samples from over 1000 individuals with HPE-spectrum disorders and their relatives were analyzed for sequence variations in ZIC2. We examined clinical details and included all other known previously published and unpublished cases of mutations in ZIC2 through a literature search and collaboration with other centers. We find mutations in ZIC2 in 8% of probands with HPE, and describe 153 individuals from 116 unrelated kindreds, including 137 patients with molecularly-determined mutations in ZIC2 and 16 patients with deletions of the ZIC2 locus. Unlike HPE due to mutations in other genes, the vast majority of cases are sporadic and the proportional distribution of HPE types differs significantly from previously published analyses of non-chromosomal non-syndromic HPE. Furthermore, we describe a novel facial phenotype in patients with mutations in ZIC2 which includes bitemporal narrowing, upsplanting palpebral fissures, a short nose with anteverted nares, and a broad and well-demarcated philtrum, and large ears. This phenotype is distinct from the standard facial dysmorphisms associated with non-chromosomal, non-syndromic HPE. Our findings show that HPE due to mutations in ZIC2 is distinct from that due to mutations in other genes. This may shed light on the mechanisms that contribute to the formation of the face and the forebrain and may help direct genetic counseling and diagnostic strategies.