先验格式塔与自我的构造

摘要

笛卡尔在将“我思故我在”确定为哲学的第一原理时，他的怀疑的不彻底性使得他没有发现自我的超越性，而自我的超越性在萨特那里得到了比较充分的阐明。这样，问题就是这个超越性的自我是如何构造而成的。格式塔心理学所探讨的构造不仅属于知觉，而且也属于意识与思维，这种构造中的先验维度即构成了一种所谓的“先验格式塔”。意识将自身构造成为“自我”，而这种意识的自我构造其实就是由其意向性本身所具有的一种格式塔的功能来完成的。%When Descartes specified the idea that“I think, therefore I am”as the first principle of the philosophy, he failed, because of the incompleteness of his doubt, to find the transcendence of the Self, which, however, was realized and throughly interpreted by Sartre. Hence, the key issue became clear, that is, how the transcendent Self can be constructed. The construction that the gestalt psychology examines is not only related to perception, but also to consciousness and thinking. The transcendental dimension of gestalt actually forms a so-called“transcendental gestalt”. The consciousness constructs itself into the Self, and this self-construction of consciousness is essentially achieved through the gestalt function in the intentionality of consciousness.