我国北方设施蔬菜质量安全现状与问题分析

摘要

采用设施蔬菜生产实地调研、设施专家专访和设施内环境因子实时监测等方法，研究并总结分析我国北方设施蔬菜安全生产的现状、存在问题以及影响设施蔬菜质量安全的主要因素。调研结果显示，被调查种植户以种植番茄、黄瓜、辣椒等果菜为主，1年2～3茬。北方东部发达地区年平均化肥、农家肥施用量分别高于100 kg·（667 m2）-1和16 m3·（667 m2）-1的比例高达65.5%和72.4%；灌溉和追肥方式以大水漫灌和随水施肥为主，分别占58.6%和93.1%；每次施药量在20～40 kg·（667 m2）-1（药水混合）范围的用户比例最多，占41.7%。与东部相比，北方西部欠发达地区年平均化肥、农家肥施用量最高范围在81～100 kg·（667 m2）-1和6～10 m3·（667 m2）-1的比例均为41.4%；灌溉和追肥方式以滴灌和随水施肥为主，分别占75.9%和96.6%；每次施药量在20～40 kg·（667 m2）-1（药水混合）范围的用户比例最多，占46.7%。采收季，农户在农药安全间隔期之外采收蔬菜的比例占90%以上，设施蔬菜产品农药残留总体在安全可控范围内。温室环境是影响蔬菜病虫害发生的重要因素，土壤盐渍化影响了蔬菜产量和品质；设施蔬菜生产中大量使用畜禽粪便，加重了菜田土壤的重金属污染。今后，应加强栽培管理，提高温室环境调控、病虫害防治和肥水管理技术，并提升温室生产的省力化和机械化水平。%This paper studied the present status of safe facility vegetable production in northern China,and analyzed existing problems and major factors affecting quality and safety of facility vegetable production,by on-spot field investigation of vegetable production site,special interview with experts of fercility,and real-time inspection of environment inside of facility,etc.The results indicated that the farmer households invesgated were mainly planting tomato,cucumber and hot pepper,and harvested 2-3 times annually.In the eastern developed regions at northern China,the average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizer and farm manure were over 6.67 kg·hm-2 and above 1.07 m3·hm-2,respectively,the ratio was high as 65.5% and 72.4%,respectively.Irrigation and fertilizing were mainly flood irrigation and fertilization with water,accounting 58.6% and 93.1%,respectively.As for insecticide application,about 41.7% farm housholds applyied 1.33-2.67 kg·hm-2(drug and water combined)each time.Compared with the eastern region,the western underdeveloped regions in northern China,the average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizer and farm manure were 5.40-6.67 kg·hm-2 and 0.40-0.67 m3·hm-2, respectively.The ratio was all 41.4%.Irrigation and fertilizing were mostly drip irrigation and fertilization with water,accounting 75.9% and 96.6%,respectively. About 46.7% of the farmer housholds applied the dosage 1.33-2.67 kg·hm-2(drug and water combined)each time.During harvest season,over 90% farmer households harvested vegetables after the pesticide safety interval.So the overall product pesticide residues were in the safe and controllable range.The greenhouse environment was important factor affecting the occurrence of pest and disease on vegetables. Soil salinization could affect the quality of vegetable production.Facility vegetable production applied great amount of livestock and poultry dung,thus adding to the soil heavy metal pollution.From now on,we should pay much attention to control greenhouse environment,prevent diseases and pests,improve water and fertilizer management technology, and upgrade energy-saving and mechanization level of greenhouse production.