sleep

摘要： Young adult sleep quality is reported to be compromised in the literature with shortened sleep intervals, daytime napping, excessive daytime sleepiness and excessive wakeups. The description of young adult sleep quality commonly includes the rationale that the independent schedule of the young adults coupled with their preferred social schedule, work and academic schedules leaves the planning for sleep to last place. Despite mentation and memory reductions with sleep deprivation secondary to poor sleep quality documented in young adults, the poor sleep quality prevails. This study is focused on the elements of arousal during a young adult’s day that may predispose them to elevated activation and difficulty relaxing sufficiently to fall asleep. It was hypothesized that light exposure was elevated in young adults with poor sleep quality. Light exposure in terms of overhead bright lights in classrooms and laboratories of the academic environment, bright light in terms of video monitors/TVs/tablets/phone exposure is sufficiently stimulating to cause cognitive activation was light exposure.

摘要： A mathematical model has been developed to numerically model the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) as a person ages. The model was programmed in Excel to provide a working prototype computer simulation model. The model provides estimates of the cumulative risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and CTE as age increases. A one-year step size was used. The model has two major parts: one predicts changes in slow-wave sleep as a person ages and the second component adjusts the flushing efficiency of waste products from the brain. The two components work together and interact to lower the flushing of waste components as age increases. The development of the model provides an overview of how the various factors work together that lead to the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and the associated CTE. Calibration of the coefficients in the model is based on published data sets presented in the literature. Further research and refinement of calibration coefficients should be explored.

摘要： There is a complex relationship between sleep disorders and childhood neurodevelopmental,emotional,behavioral and intellectual disorders(NDEBID).NDEBID include several conditions such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,autism spectrum disorder,cerebral palsy,epilepsy and learning(intellectual)disorders.Up to 75%of children and young people(CYP)with NDEBID are known to experience different types of insomnia,compared to 3%to 36%in normally developing population.Sleep disorders affect 15%to 19%of adolescents with no disability,in comparison with 26%to 36%among CYP with moderate learning disability(LD)and 44%among those with severe LD.Chronic sleep deprivation is associated with significant risks of behavioural problems,impaired cognitive development and learning abilities,poor memory,mood disorders and school problems.It also increases the risk of other health outcomes,such as obesity and metabolic consequences,significantly impacting on the wellbeing of other family members.This narrative review of the extant literature provides a brief overview of sleep physiology,aetiology,classification and prevalence of sleep disorders among CYP with NDEBIDs.It outlines various strategies for the management,including parenting training/psychoeducation,use of cognitive-behavioral strategies and pharmacotherapy.Practical management including assessment,investigations,care plan formulation and follow-up are outlined in a flow chart.

摘要： BACKGROUND Sleep problems are particularly prevalent in people with depression or anxiety disorder.Although mindfulness has been suggested as an important component in alleviating insomnia,no comprehensive review and meta-analysis has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different mindfulness-based intervention(MBI)programs on sleep among people with depression or anxiety disorder.AIM To compare the effects of different MBI programs on sleep among people with depression or anxiety disorder.METHODS Related publications in Embase,Medline,PubMed and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched from January 2010 to June 2020 for randomised controlled trials.Data were synthesized using a random-effects or a fixed-effects model to analyse the effects of various MBI programs on sleep problems among people with depression or anxiety disorder.The fixed-effects model was used when heterogeneity was negligible,and the random-effects model was used when heterogeneity was significant to calculate the standardised mean differences(SMDs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS We identified 397 articles,of which 10 randomised controlled trials,involving a total of 541 participants,were included in the meta-analysis.Studies of internet mindfulness meditation intervention(IMMI),mindfulness meditation(MM),mindfulness-based cognitive therapy(MBCT),mindfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR)and mindfulness-based touch therapy(MBTT)met the inclusion criteria.The greatest effect sizes are reported in favour of MBTT,with SMDs of-1.138(95%CI:-1.937 to-0.340;P=0.005),followed by-1.003(95%CI:-1.645 to-0.360;P=0.002)for MBCT.SMDs of-0.618(95%CI:-0.980 to-0.257;P=0.001)and-0.551(95%CI:-0.842 to-0.260;P<0.0001)were reported for IMMI and MBSR in the pooling trials,respectively.Significant effects on sleep problem improvement are shown in all reviewed MBI programs,except MM,for which the effect size was shown to be nonsignificant.CONCLUSION All MBI programs(MBTT,MBCT,IMMI and MBSR),except MM,are effective options to improve sleep problems among people with depression or anxiety disorder.

摘要： Objective This study aimed to examine the sleep arrangements and soothing methods and to assess their associations with sleep problems among children aged<3 years in China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 from six provinces in China.A total of 1,195 caregivers of children aged 0–35 months were included in the study.Data on sleep arrangements,soothing methods,and sleep problems(i.e.,frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep)were assessed using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.The reasons for bed-sharing in sleep arrangements were recorded using a self-designed questionnaire.Results The bed-sharing practice was very prevalent at any age,which ranged from 69.9%to 78.3%.Most infants fell asleep while feeding or being rocked/held before age 12 months.By age 35 months,62.4%of the children fell asleep in bed near parents.The most common reasons for bed-sharing were breastfeeding/feeding and convenience.Parental involvement when falling asleep was significantly related with frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep.No association was found between bed-sharing and sleep.Conclusion Bed-sharing and parental involvement were very common among Chinese children aged<3 years.Children who fall asleep with parental involvement were more likely to have sleep problems.

摘要： Objective:This study aimed to evaluate sleep behaviors among college students,to assess salivary alpha-amylase(sAA)and heart rate variability(HRV)in association with stress,and to investigate sleep-related factors including sAA,HRV,and stress among them.Methods:Saliva samples for sAA assessment and HRV measurements in the supine position were taken between 3 PM and 6 PM.The level of prolonged psychological stress for the previous week was evaluated using the Korean version of the Global Assessment of Recent Stress(GARS-K),and sleep behaviors were assessed using an actigraphy device.Results:A total of 86 healthy college students participated in this study.Sleep behaviors of the college students were not good,with 84%sleep efficiency(SE)and 62.7 min wake after sleep onset(WASO).The average sAA level was 65.8 U/mL in the participants.Although neither the sAA level nor HRV indices were significantly correlated with prolonged psychological stress,decreased normalized high frequency(nHF)on HRV was independently associated with a higher level of stress when adjusted for age and sex.Higher stress(r=-0.276,P=0.011)and lower sAA(r=0.266,P=0.030)had significant correlations with shorter time in bed;however,it was sAA that was independently associated with time in bed(β=0.244,p=0.044).Decreased nHF(β=0.245,P=0.027)and higher body mass index(BMI)(β=-0.224,P=0.043)were independently related to and poorer SE.Conclusions:Poor sleep behaviors were associated with decreased parasympathetic activity,a physiological change to psychological stress,rather than with psychological stress itself among college students.Thus,sAA and HRV should be considered as significant factors for impaired sleep behaviors in relation to psychological stress.

摘要： BACKGROUND Depression is the most common type of depressive disorder.The most common sleep disorder associated with depression is insomnia.Insomnia and depression are closely related.AIM To investigate the relationship of designed questionnaire items and depression,and analyze the related factors with depression.METHODS Questionnaire included Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9)and Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI),12 kinds of diseases,8 general characteristics,and 20 insomnia characteristics,totally 56 items were filled out by 411 patients enrolled.RESULTS All the 9 items of PHQ-9,6 components of PSQI(except sleep duration),education,living situation,exercise,years of insomnia,western medicine treatment,Chinese medicine treatment,psychotherapy,kinds of insomnia,treatment expected to treat insomnia,psychological counseling,habit of 1 h before bed,habit of lunch break,diagnosed depression,coronary heart disease,mental illness showed significant difference between without and with depression group.By univariate analysis and multivariate analysis.The odds ratio of education,exercise,kinds of insomnia,habit of 1 h before bed,diagnosed depression,coronary heart disease(P=0.01)showed significant difference.Their odds ratios were 0.71(0.55,0.93),2.09(1.32,3.31),0.76(0.63,0.91),0.89(0.81,0.98),0.32(0.17,0.60),0.43(0.23,0.79).CONCLUSION We demonstrated that education,exercise,kinds of insomnia,habit of 1 h before bed,diagnosed depression and coronary heart disease affect the depression.

摘要： Background:Physical activity,sleep,and sedentary behaviors compose 24-h movement behaviors and have been independently associated with depressive symptoms.However,it is not clear whether it is the movement behavior itself or other contextual factors that are related to depressive symptoms.The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between self-reported and accelerometer-measured movement behaviors and depressive symptoms in adolescents.Methods:Cross-sectional data from 610 adolescents(14-18 years old)were used.Adolescents answered questions from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale and reported time spent watching videos,playing videogames,using social media,time spent in various physical activities,and daytime sleepiness.Wrist-worn accelerometers were used to measure sleep duration,sleep efficiency,sedentary time,and physical activity.Mixed-effects logistic regressions were used.Results:Almost half of the adolescents(48%)were classified as being at high risk for depression(score≥20).No significant associations were found between depressive symptoms and accelerometer-measured movement behaviors,self-reported non-sport physical activity,watching videos,and playing videogames.However,higher levels of self-reported total physical activity(odd ratio(OR)=0.92,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.86-0.98)and volume of sports(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.79-0.97),in minutes,were associated with a lower risk of depression,while using social media for either 2.0-3.9 h/day(OR=1.77,95%CI:1.58-2.70)or>3.9 h/day(OR=1.67,95%CI:1.10-2.54),as well as higher levels of daytime sleepiness(OR=1.17,95%CI:1.12-1.22),were associated with a higher risk of depression.Conclusion:What adolescents do when they are active or sedentary may be more important than the time spent in the movement behaviors because it relates to depressive symptoms.Targeting daytime sleepiness,promoting sports,and limiting social media use may benefit adolescents.

摘要： Purpose: Compared to levels in the general population, people with experiences of psychosis have poorer physical fitness, more sedentary behaviour, lower physical activity, more sleep problems, and a higher incidence of insomnia. The aim of the current study was to examine the feasibility and impact of an intervention with the goal of addressing these issues. Method: Design: intervention with outcome measure data collection, with no control group. Forty-nine early intervention psychosis (EIP) service patients took part in an intervention: provision of a Fitbit, Fitbit software apps, sleep hygiene, and physical activity guidance, and three discussion sessions with clinicians. The sample consisted of 29 males and 20 females, with age range of 17 - 54 years, and average age of 29.5 years. Measures used were Fitbit activity and sleep data, and self-rated Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results: WEMWBS scores significantly improved, with a medium effect size. PANAS negative affect (NA) dropped significantly. Analysis of Fitbit activity and sleep data yielded non-significant results. Conclusion: The intervention was acceptable to EIP patients and is feasible. Improvements in mental wellbeing and negative affect indicate the positive impact of the intervention on mental health. EIP services should consider assessing sleep quality and physical activity/exercise levels, and using this study’s intervention to promote wellbeing and mental health within recovery focused practice. Further research could be undertaken through a sufficiently powered randomised control trial (RCT) comparing this intervention and treatment as usual (TAU).

摘要： Background: Physical activity, sleep, mental health, physical health, wellbeing, quality of life, cognition, and functioning in people who experience psychosis are interconnected factors. People experiencing psychosis are more likely to have low levels of physical activity, high levels of sedation, and sleep problems. Intervention: An eight-week intervention;including the provision of a Fitbit and its software apps, sleep hygiene and physical activity guidance information, as well as three discussion and feedback sessions with a clinician. Participants: Out of a sample of 31 using an early intervention psychosis (EIP) service who took part in the intervention, fifteen participants consented to be interviewed—9 (60%) males and 6 (40%) females, age range: 19 - 51 years, average age: 29 years. Method: In-depth interviews investigating patient experience of the intervention and its impact on sleep, exercise, and wellbeing were undertaken. Thematic analysis was applied to analyse the qualitative data and content analysis was used to analyse questions with a yes/no response. Results: Most of the participants actively used the Fitbit and its software apps to gain information, feedback, and set goals to make changes to their lifestyle and daily routines to improve quality of sleep, level of physical activity, and exercise. Conclusion: The intervention was reported to be beneficial, and it is relatively easy and low cost to implement and therefore could be offered by all EIP services. Furthermore, there is potential value for application in services for other psychiatric disorders, where there is often a need to promote healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and effective sleep.