论《评史心见》史论的倾向与得失

摘要

Ping Shi Xin Jian is a historical commentary book written by GUO Da-you in Ming Dynas⁃ty, which is well-known for its commentary on historical figures and historical events. There are three characteristics of its methodology in this book that we should pay attention to. First, the narra⁃tive shows great interest of commenting on historical events, divided as comments which“can be used for reference”and which“cannot be used for reference”; secondly, the book holds its vision to be“revival of principle, avocations of moral”; thirdly, it argues that historical commentary should ana⁃lyze“timing”,“situation”and“fatality and human mind”. Apparently, there are also some contradic⁃tions in Ping Shi Xin Jian. As for the reasons, it is mainly due to the fact that GUO Da-you overus⁃es moral appraisal with neo-Confucian principle as the form to make assessments. This method lacks evaluation of historical facts. Anyway, GUO Da-you’s historical commentary is one of the representa⁃tives for orthodox historical commentaries in early and middle Ming Dynasty. It is useful for us to study his book and his theories to enrich the understanding of historical studies on Ming Dynasty.%明代郭大有所撰《评史心见》是一部评论历史人物和历史事件的史论著作。这部书在方法论上有三个特色值得关注，一是撰述旨趣注重评论“可以为鉴者”与“不可以为鉴者”的史事；二是以“扶纲常、振风化”为论史目标；三是主张评史当观“时”、“势”与“天命人心”。《评史心见》中存在不少相互矛盾之处，究其原因，是作者评史时过于强调理学式的道德评价，忽视了事实评价。郭大有的史论是明代前中期正统史论的代表之一，对其研究可以增进对明代史学的深入理解。