人类学往往将村落作为研究中国的基本单位，却忽视了城市也是文明载体的重要形式之一。本文回顾中国城市从古代到现代历史发展进程，认为古代城市虽几经变迁，其背后的城市宇宙观保持不变，体现了天人合一的儒家文化，其实质是人、神、自然相互融入的思维。在体现融入思维的儒家文化统合下，城市与乡村相互联系，互惠互补；然而，东西方文化的再次接触，这种思维被西方主客观二元对立的思维所取代。与此同时，受到世界市场的冲击，城乡逐渐发展出剥削与被剥削的关系，这一关系在中国实现现代化的迫切诉求中得到加强，并塑造了城乡二元结构。本文希望借鉴传统中国的融入思维，对理想中国下的理想城乡做出憧憬，为处于转型时期的中国做出指导。%Anthropological studies often take villages as the basic unit of exploring the Chinese socie-ty and ignore cities as significant carriers of their civilizations.This paper gives a summary review of the whole history of Chinese cities,and argues that the cities in ancient China embodied an established concept of the urban cosmology,that is,a “unity of man and nature”of Confucian culture whose es-sence was the fusion of man,gods and nature.With this understanding,cities and villages in ancient China were closely related and interdependent.However,with the introduction of Western culture in collision with Chinese culture,the Western dualism of subj ect and obj ect in opposition has replaced the “unity of man and nature”of Confucian culture.At the same time,under the impacts of the world market,the urban-rural relation reveals a feature between the exploiter and the exploitee,which has been strengthened in the urgent demand for realizing modernization in China,and has resulted in the dual urban-rural relations in China.This paper adopts the concept of the “unity of man and nature”of Confucian culture and creates an ideal type of urban-rural relations in China as an ideal country,which can shed some light on the on-going transformation of China.
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