摘要:区域高等教育层次结构的调整以适应就业、促进经济发展为基本目标,在此指导下本研究对我国高等教育层次结构与人口从业结构的适应性展开实证分析,建立高等教育层次结构适应性发展水平、发展趋势和发展状态的三维评价模型,依据实证结果并以结构状态适应性依次递减的规律将全国及30个省区市分为从新疆到北京等8类地区,为制定我国高等教育结构优化战略提供科学根据。%The structural adjustment of the regional higher education regards the adaptation to the employment demands and the promotion of the economic development as the basic goals.In hope of realizing the above goals,this paper gives an empirical analysis of the structure of the higher education in China as well as the local population’s adaptability to the employment structure,and establishes a three-dimensional evaluation model based on the relevant development level,trend and status.Ac-cording to the empirical results,this paper divides the 30 provinces of China into eight kinds of areas in a descending order in hope of providing some scientific foundation for the strategic and structural optimization of Chinese higher education.
摘要:With a historical account of the researches on the history of Chinese philosophy and the history of Chinese ethnic minority philosophy,this paper gives an incisive theoretical analysis of the ethnic groups,cultures,national spirit and philosophic thoughts as well as their relations.Then,it proposes the concepts of “ethnic philosophic thought”and “history of ethnic philosophic thought”and holds that the history of philosophic thought is different from the academic history of philosophy, while the history of ethnic philosophic thought is different from the science-based history of philoso-phy and the ideology-based history of philosophy.This understanding will help the history of Chinese ethnic minority philosophy have its own concepts and methods.The history of Chinese ethnic minori-ty philosophy is an inseparable part of the history of the philosophic thought of the Chinese nation. The basic structure of the Chinese nation with its feature of diversity in unity is the logical and narra-tive structure of the history of Chinese ethnic minority philosophy.%本文总结中国哲学史及中国少数民族哲学史研究的历史经验,进而对民族、文化、民族精神、哲学思想及其关系,做系统、深入的理论辨析与研究,据此提出,“民族的哲学思想”与“民族的哲学思想史”概念,并认为哲学思想史有别于哲学学说史,民族的哲学思想史有别于科学认识的哲学史和意识形态的哲学史。正是基于这样的认识,少数民族哲学思想史建立自己的研究理念和方法。中国少数民族哲学思想史是中华民族哲学思想史的有机部分;中华民族“多元一体”的基本结构,即是少数民族哲学思想史历史、逻辑的结构和叙述结构。
摘要:With the spread of IS’s terrorist activities in the world,the countries involved have atta-ched great importance to their relevant anti-terrorism legislation.The focus concerning their anti-ter-rorism legislation is to curb their nationals to get involved in terrorist activities,and to stop extrem-ists from returning inbound from the IS-based hot spots with huge terrorist threats.The related anti-terrorism legislation is based on the following three aspects:One focus of the legislation is on the strict examination of the departure or exit permit of the possible terrorists;another focus is on the legislation concerning the right of entry and human rights as well as international cooperation;still another on the legislation concerning the action authority,trials and the anti-terrorism responsibility of the main social organizations.The anti-terrorism legislation aiming at IS has strong timeliness and pertinence,meanwhile there are still such challenges as civil obligations and rights,the comprehen-sive efficacy of judicial decisions,anti-terrorism authorities,political legitimacy and so on.%随着“伊斯兰国”在世界范围扩散其活动,相关国家普遍重视强化打击“伊斯兰国”的反恐立法,其核心议题是遏制本国人员参加 IS 活动、防范极端分子从“伊斯兰国”活动热点地区回流入境本国而带来巨大的恐怖威胁。相关反恐立法从三个环节解决这一议题,即在出境环节针对恐怖行为和人员出行的立法;在入境环节针对入境权、公民权和国际合作的立法;在打击行动环节针对行动权限、审判量刑、社会主体反恐责任的立法。针对“伊斯兰国”活动的反恐立法具有很强的及时性、针对性,但依然存在反恐立法长期面临的一些挑战,如公民义务和权利、司法判决的综合功效、反恐权限及其政治合法性等。
摘要:The performance evaluation of the higher education of America has a history of more than 30 years.Each state in UAS has had its own practice and exploration in terms of performance assur-ance,performance reporting,performance funding(budgeting)and so on.In respond to the needs of the government and the public for higher education,performance assurance was the initial form of performance evaluation.Performance reporting was an institutional improvement of the performance assurance and was accepted and adopted widely by all the states of USA because it was more effective. Performance funding (budgeting)was a further improvement based on the integration of the results of performance assessment and funding in the hope of improving the initiative of the universities for bet-ter performance evaluation.The history of the system of the performance evaluation in American higher education is extremely similar to that in China.Therefore,the study of the whole history of this system is helpful to the improvement of the assurance system of the higher education in China.%美国高等教育绩效评价已有30余年历史,各州在不断实践和探索过程中先后经历了绩效保障、绩效报告、绩效拨款(预算)等制度形式。绩效保障是美国在高等教育引入绩效评价的初期形式,回应了政府和大众对高等教育的诉求。绩效报告是继绩效保障之后各州对绩效评价制度的一种完善,相比于绩效保障有诸多改善之处,因此得到几乎所有州的认可和采纳。绩效拨款(预算)则是各州探索绩效评价制度过程的又一种演变形式,各州开始尝试将绩效评价结果与拨款建立联系,以此提高高校实施绩效评价的积极性。美国高等教育绩效评价制度兴起的背景与我国现阶段高等教育发展状况有极大相似性,通过对其制度的实践、演化和完善过程进行研究,对我国高等教育保障制度的完善有所启示。
摘要:民间文学不等于民间文学作品,而是一种具有美感效应的日常生活方式。在后《集成》时代,单纯以记录民间文学文本为目的的田野作业已变得不合时宜,而且越来越不可行。以作品分析为基本套路的民间文学研究亟待被突破,民间文学志的学术范式便成为田野作业和研究的必由之路,不只是关注语境,而是将演述的行为、场面、过程、在场者的互动关系以及社会历史背景作为考察的重点。对表演过程中审美体验和文学场域的把握,应该是民间文学志的独异性之所在。%Folk literature is different from folk literary works because it is a daily lifestyle with some aesthetic effects.In the era of post-Anthology of Chinese Folkloric Stories,the field work simply with the purpose of recording folk literary texts is no longer proper or workable.The study of folk litera-ture mainly based on the analysis of literary works requires breakthroughs.Thus,the academic para-digm of the writing of the history of folk literature consequently becomes the proper approach to the relevant field work and researches,whose features include the following:the focus is not only on con-text but the interaction among the performance,narration,scenes,actions and process as well as the socio-historic backgrounds.The uniqueness of the writing of the history of folk literature finds ex-pression in the grasp of the aesthetic experience and literary field during the performance.
摘要:体裁是民间文学研究和教学的核心概念。从封闭、共时的分类体系,到社会文化语境变迁过程中的历时文化现象,到情景性语境中即时的言语交流模式,再到经验性的生活实践,体裁的概念及研究方法发生了根本变革。这种变革与民间文学学科研究范式从文本到表演、到实践的整体转型有密切关联。对于体裁观及其方法论变迁的梳理,有益于学者反思关于神话、传说、民间故事等各种体裁的理解惯式,构建学者与民众对话基础上的知识共同体,推动民间文学的多重知识生产。%Genre is the core concept in the research and teaching of folk literature.Fundamental changes in the concept of genre and its research methods find expression in the shift from a closed and synchronic system of classification to a diachronic cultural phenomenon in the process of socio-cultural changes,and from the transformation from an impromptu discourse model in the situational context to an empirical life experience.Such changes are closely related to the overall transformation of the re-search paradigm of folk literature from the text to practice via performance.The study of the changes in the concept of genre and its research methods is beneficial to reinterpret the traditional genres like myth,legend,folk story,and so on,help establish a knowledge system based on the dialogue be-tween scholars and the general public,and promote the application of multiple knowledge sources of folk literature.
摘要:在清末以降的中国现代化社会转型中,民国律师扮演了重要的角色。民国的法律、社会期待以及律师的自我认同都将律师作为保障人权、维护正义的“在野法曹”。从法律权能视角来看,身份价值、自治组织、社会资本、经济基础构成了律师参与社会转型的条件。诉诸司法程序、开展社会运动、运用政治联系、参与国家体制构成了律师释放和运用法律权能的方式,使之在法律、政治和社会机制中影响社会转型的议程。民国律师的案例证明,律师不仅可以是法律和既定秩序的遵守者、维护者,也可以是法律和秩序的改革者、倡导者。这为我们理解律师在社会转型中的作用与角色,提供了历史的镜鉴。%The lawyers in the Republic of China played important roles in the social transformation and modernization since the end of the Qing dynasty.They were regarded as “non-government legal officers”either by the law,the social cognition or the self-cognition of lawyers in this period.From the perspective of legal power,the conditions for their participation in the social transformation in-cluded their identity,autonomous organizations,social capital and wealth.With such power,they ex-erted much influence on the agendas of the social transformation through the judicial system,social movements,political networks,and political roles.The cases of the lawyers in the Republic of China can shed much light on our modern society because lawyers can be not only guardians of the existing laws and orders,but also reformers and promoters.
摘要:相对于“原子经济”条件下产品的边际成本递增规律,“比特经济”条件下的网络服务具有边际成本递减的特性,免费成为互联网行业通行的定价原则和商业模式基础,并演变为弱小企业破坏并最终战胜强大对手的利器。文章从破坏性创新理论的要点分析入手,结合本土两个互联网企业---淘宝网和腾讯 QQ 的成功案例探讨了网络服务免费对现有市场“又破又立”的破坏性创新作用,为本土新创互联网企业顺利进入新市场或企业新创市场的战略选择提供重要的参考。%Compared with the law of increasing marginal cost of the product in the “atom economy”, network services in the “Bit economy”have the characteristics of diminishing marginal cost.Free of charge becomes the prevailing pricing principle in the Internet industry and the basis of business mod-el.It is a strong weapon for the weak business to eventually defeat powerful opponents.Through an analysis of the main points of the theory of disruptive innovation,the paper gives a case study of two successful Chinese Internet companies,Taobao and Tencent QQ,and reveals the role of disruptive in-novation in free network services in the existing market,which should have much value to the Chinese Internet companies for a successful strategic choice in the new market.
摘要:This is a case study of the correlation between sex education and sexual abuse in the per-spective of holistic approach and holds that the sex education based on restricting the sexual rights of college students does not help prevent sexual abuse.In this sense,sex education for college students should encourage them to exert and defend their sexual rights and turn sexual health education and sexual science education into sexual culture education which includes the multiple sexual values and the maintenance of sexual rights.In addition to sex,the content of sex education should also include gender.Furthermore,the main objective of sex education for college students should focus on solving sexual problems rather than imparting only scientific knowledge about sexuality.%采“求全法”展开之个案研究表明,以限缩大学生性自主权为基点的性教育有碍性侵害的防止。在此意义上,大学生性教育应以鼓励大学生性权利的行使与维护为基点,从“性健康教育”或“性科学教育”转向包括性的多元价值、性权利的维护与伸张、性被害的防止策略等内容的“性文化教育”,从以“性”为主要内容的单一式性教育转向包含“社会性别”内容的复合式性教育,从以灌输各种性科学知识为主要目标的知识型性教育转向以提高受众处理实际涉性问题能力为诉求的能力型性教育。
摘要:众多哲学规律受“多样统一”和“对立统一”两个规律的引领。对立统一规律应当重新阐释。讨论并建立多样统一规律的基本要点。多样统一和对立统一相摄互补、相互依赖又相互区别,价值相当。应把多样统一与对立统一比肩,也确立为宇宙根本规律。一个人类对世界统一性认识的崭新阶段正在展开。%Quite a few philosophical categories are under the influence of the unity of opposites and the unity of varieties.The law of the unity of opposites should receive some new interpretations while the key points of the unity of varieties should also be clearly explained.In fact,the unity of opposites and the unity of varieties are interrelated with their respective features and are both the basic laws of the universe.With this understanding,mankind has entered a new stage of interpreting the unity of the universe.
摘要:The reform of foreign-language education in contemporary China as a social and policy-making focus requires much thinking and incisive analysis.This paper regards the following as the fo-cuses of the reform of the of foreign-language education in contemporary China:a foreign-language education system based on the rational market division with the government support,an investigation of social and personal demands and values,clear government and market responsibilities,and a clear target for social development and for realizing personal happiness.%外语教育改革已成为我国当前社会热点和政策热点,但合理的外语教育改革需要更加冷静的思考和分析。笔者认为,我国当前外语教育改革,应该建立政府与市场合理分工的外语教育体制,开展社会与个人需求调查和社会与个人价值研究,明确外语教育目标和价值,完善可选择的外语教育体制,建构政府与市场责任明确并促进社会发展与个人幸福的外语教育。
摘要:土司制度是元明清王朝在西南边疆及其他南方类型少数民族地区实行的统治制度。土司制度存在600余年,在实行地区产生重大而深远的影响。1949年以来,我国对土司制度的研究持续升温,取得不少重要成果。目前进行的研究,涉及中原王朝统治边疆和少数民族的制度及其发展演变,土司地区社会与南方少数民族性格的变化,土司制度对少数民族文化的影响等诸多方面。论文回顾近百年的研究,总结学界对土司制度的认识,提出拓展的方向,并就深化研究提出建议。%The Tusi system was a ruling system adopted by the Yuan,the Ming and the Qing dynas-ties in the minority areas in southern China,especially in the borderlands of southwest China,and in its 600 years,it exerted far-reaching influence in these minority areas.The domestic studies on the Tusi system since 1 949 have made quite a few achievements.This paper gives a summary review of the studies on the Tusi in the past 100 years,including the administration of the borderlands by the Imperial Courts of the Central Plains,the development of the minority institutions and systems,the changes of the Tusi society and the minority groups in southern China,the influence of the Tusi sys-tem on the minority cultures as well as the future development of Tusi studies.
摘要:近年来,土司研究发展成果十分丰富,土司研究已渐成为学术之热点。然而近读关于明代土司之论述,颇感一些学者对于明代土司之理解有误,有将东北、西北“番夷”误入土司之列,究其主要原因,是《明史》作者为统治者讳,有意含混其词,令今人误读所致。%The recent Tusi studies has produced quite a few findings in various aspects but some scholars have such misunderstanding of “Tusi”in the Ming dynasty as the classification of some mi-nority chieftains in northwest and northeast China into “Tusi”.The major cause of such misunder-standing originates from their misunderstanding of “Tusi”in A History of the Ming Dynasty due to its author’s ambiguous definition of “Tusi”.
摘要:近10年来一夜情的发生率在我国逐年增长,并成为当今重要的社会问题。从关系的视角,运用场域与惯习理论,采用定性深入访谈的方法,呈现一夜情形成的5个阶段,分析总结发生在陌生人与熟人之间两种不同的一夜情,探索行动者所处的各种不同场域,揭示“性社会交往惯习”的“前理性”、“社会性”和“建构性”,有助于理解在社会人际交往过程中宏观社会与微观个体的关系。%ONS phenomenon in China has been on the increase in the past ten years and become a se-rious problem.This paper adopts Bourdieu's habitus and field theory as well as quantitative interviews and reveals the five stages of ONS.It distinguishes two different kinds of ONS,that is,between strangers and between acquaintances as well as their different fields.It also reveals the pre-rational, social and constitutional features of sexual habitus,which should help disclose the relationship be-tween the macro-society and the micro-individual.
摘要:产业治理机制对区域产业链升级与发展产生重要影响。文中首先运用分形理论对复杂价值链体系进行解构,发现区域产业链在全球价值链与企业价值链之间扮演着传导全球治理机制与制约企业价值运作的双重角色。然而,与全球价值链治理机制不同的是,区域产业链同时受到来自私人治理与公共治理的双重影响,进而形成独特的区域产业链双重治理机制。文章在系统讨论区域产业链4种治理情境基础上,以奶制品产业为例深入展开国内食品安全问题分析。研究表明,国内食品产业处于双重治理缺失情境,典型的表现为公共食品安全标准过低与企业食品质量标准不足。这种双重缺失的交互作用,必将导致国内食品安全事故频发以及食品产业分化,最终可能引起食品产业安全问题。文章最后指出,提升公共食品安全管理标准,充分发挥食品产业内部私人治理机制作用,在此基础上建立国家食品产业安全风险评估与监控管理体系,是解决国内食品安全问题的根本所在。%Industrial governance mechanisms exert paramount impacts on the upgrade and develop-ment of the local industry chain.This paper adopts the fractal analysis to deconstruct the complicated value chain system,revealing the relationship of mutual influence and restriction between the global value chain and the local industry chain.Then dual governance mechanisms for the local industry chain are proposed with the help of the existing governance theories of the global value chain,together with a systematic discussion on the four scenarios.Based on the above elaboration,this paper,taking Chinese dairy industry as a typical example,further presents an in-depth analysis of the problems of the domestic food safety,which will shed light on the dual lack of governance mechanisms for the food industry,that is,inadequate public standard for food safety and low enterprise standard for food qual-ity.Thus,the interaction between the two absences will inevitably lead to frequent accidents of food safety and structural division of the food industry,ultimately threatening the safety of the whole food industry.The solutions to these problems rely on the improvement of the requirements of food safe-ty,a full use of private governance mechanism within the food industry and the establishment of the domestic system of venture assessment and administration for food safety.
摘要:发达国家从激励提前退休到倡导延迟退休的政策和观念转变有着深刻的人口、经济与社会转变背景,其政策内容也涉及养老制度修订、劳动政策重塑、社会氛围转变等多层次、全方位的系统调整。中国形式上提前退休现象普遍,但实质是退而不休的问题。借鉴发达国家经验,我国退休政策调整应该以“人”为出发点和落脚点,以弹性退休体系为方向,针对提前退休群体完善退休金扣减机制,针对退而不休引入退休后劳动收入的检查机制。%The shift from the stimulative policy for earlier-than-required retirement to that for de-layed retirement in the developed countries has deep-rooted population,economic and social causes, which includes a multi-level and comprehensive adjustment of the pension system,labor policies and social environment.It seems that earlier-than-required retirement is quite popular in China but in fact some retired people are not really retired.The experience of the developed countries has much signifi-cance to China's retirement policy which should be humanistic in nature,flexible in the policy imple-mentation and strict in the pension system for different kinds of retired groups.
摘要:国家外语能力和个人外语能力不同,它要求大学外语教育培养大学生能够用英语直接从事自己的专业学习和研究,以便在自己的学科领域内具有较强的国际交流能力和竞争力。但多年来,大学英语教育在不同程度上忽视了国家外语能力的要求,既没有提出学习英语的使用目标,也没有提出培养学生用英语学习专业的语言要求。为了提高大学英语教学效率,满足国家外语能力的需要,大学英语应该有新的教学定位和语言要求。%National foreign language capacity differs from personal foreign language capacity in that it requires college students to have the necessary English language skills to enable them to succeed in their academic studies and future careers,so that they can communicate effectively and competitively in international academic discourses.College English education in China,however,fails to take such requirement into consideration.In its syllabus,there is neither a target for the present use of English nor the requirement for adequate language skills needed in their academic studies.To improve foreign language efficiency and satisfy the requirement for foreign language capacity,college English educa-tion in China should have a new orientation.
摘要:Historical and cultural heritages are the precious renewable resources of old towns and the basis of their sustainable development.From the perspective of “spatial production”,the paper points out that in the process of tourism development and the pursuit of maximum profits,such old towns have suffered from the loss of their historical and cultural heritages while the government-guided“spatial production”of tourism landscapes has led to poor reconstruction of their spatial structure and the unstable resettlement.The paper adopts the foreground model and the background model,and di-vides the landscape space of old towns into the theatrical space of the foreground,the transitional space,and the protection space of the background to realize a balance of “efficiency,quality and jus-tice”.Finally,the paper proposes a “spatial production”model of the landscapes of Lijiang Old Town to ensure its healthy and sustainable development.%历史文化遗产是古镇可再生的宝贵资源,是古镇可持续发展的基础。文章从“空间的生产”视角揭示古镇在旅游开发中,在追求社会财富极大化的同时,牺牲了古镇物质和非物质文化资源;同时,政府主导下的古镇旅游景观空间生产导致古镇空间格局发生重构,古镇人口置换问题严重,并趋于非均衡方向发展。基于此,文章利用前台与后台模式,对古镇旅游景观空间进行重构,将古镇旅游景观空间划分为前台舞台化空间、过渡性空间和后台保护空间三部分,谋求古镇旅游景观空间“效率、质量、公平”三者之间的平衡。最后以丽江古城为实证对象,通过对古城旅游景观空间重构,使古城旅游景观空间生产朝着健康、可持续、和谐的方向发展,从而造就古城镇旅游景观空间发展的理想结构和模式。
摘要:The Urban Historic District embodies the typical features of a city with its most unforget-table memories.Under the impacts of economic globalization and rapid urbanization,the urban his-toric districts in China are faced with such problems as dismantlement in the process of “old-city re-construction or reconstruction into a new ‘old urban district’”as a cultural capital in the process of ur-ban competition.The protection and development of urban historic districts involves numerous and complicated problems,whose solutions require local and multiple perspectives.The research of urban historic districts should stick to their basic nature,a living space or a place,emphasize their unique and endemic features as well as their reconstruction with a consideration of the inheritance of local so-cio-cultures and the sense of urban belonging rather than economic globalization.%城市历史街区是城市特色的集中展示地,是城市记忆保存最完整、最丰富的地区。当前在经济全球化和快速城市化的影响下,我国城市历史街区正面临着前所未有的冲击:大量的城市历史街区要么被拆除,消失在“旧城改造”的运动中;要么被当成城市竞争的文化资本而被重建,成为仿古新城。城市历史街区的保护和开发涉及的问题面广而复杂,对城市历史街区的复兴需要放在一个大的背景下来观察和思考,其复兴方式也需要从地方出发、多角度地去寻求。对城市历史街区的研究,需要回归到其作为一个生活空间(地方)的本质基础上,需从地方认同的视角强调城市和街区发展的独特性、地方性,重新建构有利于传承地方文化和强化城市归属感的历史街区,研究重点也应从基于全球的经济行为转向基于地方的社会文化行为。
摘要:The paper gives a case study of Taoping Qiang Village in Sichuan Province and adopts a questionnaire survey based on Ryff's psychological well-being scale plus the cluster analysis and cross-tabs to analyze the influence of community tourism participation on the minority women's psychologi-cal well-being.The cluster analysis based on the 6 dimensions of psychological well-being classifies the women in this village community into four groups:the dependent,the enterprising,the balanced and the passive,whose differences in the community participation are obvious.The paper concludes that tourism participation has a positive effect on enhancing the psychological well-being of these mi-nority women,but their well-being shows a inverted U wave,and a “moderate participation”can help them maintain a higher level of psychological well-being.%本文以陶坪羌寨为例,利用赖芙(Ryff)的心理幸福感量表,通过问卷调查、聚类分析、交叉列联表等方法,分析社区旅游参与对少数民族女性心理幸福感的影响。通过对心理幸福感6个维度的聚类分析,将社区女性分为从属型、进取型、均衡型和消沉型4类群体,发现4类群体在旅游参与程度上表现出显著差别。研究表明,旅游参与对民族社区女性心理幸福感有积极提升作用,但幸福感存在倒“U”型波动,参与活动表现出一种“适度参与”的特征,即适度的参与使女性心理幸福感维持较高水平。
摘要:The random sampling results of the three population censuses in 2000,2006 and 2010 re-veal an increase in the number of the Chinese people who have received full massage of the opposite sex or similar services.This paper adopts the new concept of “intimacy consumption”and explains its connotations as follows:Because the changes in the intimacy object and its generation mechanism,in-timacy becomes independent of interpersonal relations due to the interaction between two social forces,one being that the related national law is too vague or ambiguous to be implemented in many cases;the other being that the related folk belief has some brand-new definitions about sex.As a re-sult,it leads to a kind of “intimacy consumption”without sexual implications in reality through the channels of popularizing some traditional Chinese concepts like health maintenance.This interaction has reached a kind of “mutual reconstruction”different from Anthony Giddens’“intimacy”,which should have much significance to the studies of other social phenomena.%2000年、2006年和2010年三次全国总人口随机抽样调查结果显示,接受过异性全身按摩和“三陪”的中国人迅猛增加。笔者从中提炼出“亲密消费”的新概念,并总结出其意义在于:亲密的对象改变了、产生的机制改变了、亲密开始独立于人际关系。这主要来自两种社会力量的互动:国家法理一直存在着过于广阔的浮动时空,客观上提供了法规失效的可能性;与此同时,民间信念却把“性”建构出全新的定义与意义,又借用了中国传统的养生、保健、经络等思想武器,最终在“亲密消费”中排除掉“性”的含义,使其获得了生活中的现实性。这种互动已经达到了“相互建构”的程度,使得“亲密消费”的新概念超越吉登斯所论述的“亲密关系”,而“互构”的视角则可以成为分析其他社会现实的有力工具。
摘要:The concept of “China has no tragedy”originates from the understanding of tragedy as one aesthetic process.In fact,two aesthetic mechanisms are embodied in understanding tragedy,that is, response and transcendence.In the past one hundred years,the literary critics in China have empha-sized the transcendence of “oftiness”of tragedy rather than the emotional response due to various do-mestic movements as well as the modernistic influence of the West since the Reform in China.Thus, it is worthwhile to study both the emotional features of tragedy and its loftiness in transcendence in order to avoid understanding tragedy in terms of its ideology.%“中国无悲剧说”的根本症结是我们把悲剧的“双轨”审美机制变成了“单轨制”。共鸣与超越是悲剧的两种审美机制,但实际上我们基本上只强调悲剧“崇高美”的超越性而看轻其情感的共鸣性。注重文学的超越性,这是近百年来中国学界的基本立场。由于“革命文学”、“阶级论文学”的影响,中国文学一直强调“斗争反抗”的“高昂”格调,“十七年”时期文学更是成了政治的工具,再加上改革开放以来我们对于西方各种现代主义的热衷追捧,这些使得我们文学中共鸣式的情感叙事实际上至今仍然十分薄弱,在这种特殊语境中共鸣对于我们来说就显得尤为重要。因此我们应该更加重视“共鸣式”悲剧,充分肯定悲剧在疏导人情、慰藉情感等方面的功用,将共鸣本身就作为悲剧真正的目的之一而不必一定要转化到“思想性”价值方面来,从而还原悲剧的“双轨”审美机制。
摘要:本文借助有关少数民族田野调查资料,剖析了多个少数民族过端午的情形。针对多民族民俗事象的“文化间性”,揭示了民俗交流存在的文化涵化过程。通过对文化元素在涵化过程中吸收和呈现方式的辨析,建立了少数民族接受端午诸元素的涵化模式。一是同核化呈现,居住在汉族地区或多民族杂居地区,受汉文化的影响,吸收了端午核心元素,其节日本质及呈现与汉族端午一样或非常接近。二是糅合化呈现,被接受或表现的少量元素成为该民族过节时较为突出且重要的符号。三是边缘化展示,有些少数民族保留着独特的过节方式,其节日的实质主要是歌舞交往等,端午文化元素具有边缘性,但长期被看做是端午节,使得少数民族五月节的再现与表述存在明显“误读”。%The paper focuses on the study of some inter-cultural folk items of the Dragon Boat Festi-val held by several Chinese minority groups and reveals the inter-ethnic “interculturality”in the process of acculturation.It concludes that there are three major models in their acculturation.The first model is the acculturation based on the same core,that is,under the influence of Han culture, the minority groups living in the Han-inhabited area or multi-ethnic area have very similar practice. The second model is a mixture of Han culture and minority cultures,which reveals some typical fea-tures of the minority groups.The third model is the marginalized one,which is characteristic of some minority groups with their own songs and dances but is misunderstood as the Dragon Boat Festival be-cause it is held in the fifth lunar month.
摘要:Foreign language planning and policy (FLPP),with crucial academic value and realistic significance,is a key component of language planning and policy (LPP).FLPP and LPP of domestic languages differ from each other in terms of legal basis,mode of existence and maintenance,which demands specific principles and implemental methods for FLPP.There should be four essential issues in FLPP system:status planning,acquisition planning,function planning and translation planning. Chinese language-policy makers are faced with a series of practical problems in each section.%外语规划是语言规划的重要组成部分,在国际化深入发展的今天更具重要的学术价值和社会意义。外语的地位、存在方式和传承条件与国内语言差别很大,外语规划因此需要特殊的原则和实施方法。中国外语规划的体系应包括4个基本方面:外语地位规划、外语功能规划、外语习得规划、翻译规划,在每个层面中都有一系列需要解决的现实问题。
摘要:本文通过对土官、土司、土职、土弁这些涉及土司制度基本概念的辨析,提出了规范使用这些概念的问题。关于土官与土司,文章指出:土官一词早已有之,土司制度建立后成为该制度的专用语,指由朝廷任命的少数民族世袭地方官。土司一词是土司制度建立过程中出现的,初指土官机构,后亦指土官,而且这一内涵逐渐成为土司的主要用法。就此而言,土司与土官是一样的。土司一词出现后,使用极为普遍,而土官一词反而用得不多了。建议在今后的研究中使用“土司”和“土司制度”。同时,本文还对土职与土弁的内涵进行了深入的探讨。%This paper gives an incisive analysis of some basic concepts and terms concerning the Tusi system like Tu official,Tusi,Tuzhi,Tubian,etc.It points out that Tu official emerged first,and was used after the establishment of the Tusi system to refer to those hereditary minority officials ap-pointed by the Central Imperial Courts.The word Tusi emerged in the process of the Tusi system and it first referred to the Tusi institution and later Tusi official.The paper advocates the use of “Tusi”and “Tusi system”in the future Tusi studies.
摘要:大学治理是“大学内外部利益相关者对大学重大事务作决策的结构和过程”,治理结构的核心是决策的权力结构,也就是决策权力在不同利益相关者之间的分配模式。大学组织特性决定了大学具有学术权力、行政权力、大学外部赋予大学的政治权力和利益相关者权力、从大学内部权力群体所拓展出来的学生权力这5种决策权力。大学的决策分为战略层次、管理控制层次和操作控制层次。战略层次决策包括组织治理决策;管理控制层次决策包括财政预算决策和人事管理决策;操作层次决策包括教职治理决策、课程设置决策和学生治理决策。本文分别对研究型、教学研究型和教学型大学进行了问卷调查,采用层次分析法,分析大学中5种决策权力在6种决策中的权重,综合得出5种权力在大学总体决策中的权重,权力的权重反映了组织的权力结构,权力结构反映了大学的治理结构。研究表明:研究型大学是以学术权力为主导的治理结构;教学研究型大学是以行政权力为主导的治理结构;教学型大学是以政治权力为主导的治理结构。对于三类大学所具有的权力结构,本研究运用社会资本、信誉约束和行政约束以及自组织系统三个理论,从三类大学的社会资本存量、约束形式和大学的自组织功能三个方面进一步解释了三类大学的权力结构。%University governance refers to “a structure and process of internal and external stake-holders making decisions on important matters”,whose core is the decision-making power structure or the allocation model of the decision-making power among different stakeholders.The organizational characteristics of universities decide that they have academic power and administrative power.Exter-nally,universities are under the influence of political power and stakeholders'power,but the students 'power derives from the power of the internal group.University decision-making can be categorized at three levels:the strategic level,the administrative level and the operational level.The first includes the decision-making of organizational governance;the second includes the financial and HR decision-making;the third includes the decision-making concerning teaching personnel,curriculum and student services.This research gives a questionnaire survey of research universities,teaching-research univer-sities and teaching universities,and adopts the method of analytic hierarchy to assess the weights of the five powers in six types of decision-making because these weights can reflect the organizational power structures while the organizational power structures can reflect the governance structures.The findings of this research indicate that the leading power in research universities is the academic power, that in teaching-research universities is the administrative power,and that in teaching universities is the political power.The paper finally analyzes the governance structures of the three types of univer-sities with the social capital theory,the honor-administrative regulation theory and the self-organizing system theory.
摘要:从秦王朝到汉武帝的时代,在政治实践中,先后存在过三种大一统国家治理思想,即秦代霸道暴政式的大一统、汉初无为而治式的大一统,汉武帝多欲政治式的大一统。这三种模式,在历史观上都崇拜黄帝,都通过黄帝来论证自身的合理性、权威性。在这种文化背景下,董仲舒却放弃了黄帝崇拜,创立了三统论的历史观,把大一统思想的历史依据放在远没有黄帝久远的夏、商、周三代。董仲舒大一统思想的实质,是在天下政治统一的基础上,实现儒家传统的三代王道政治理想,这与三种已有的大一统实践模式的内涵都存在显著差别。董仲舒放弃黄帝崇拜,创立三统论,是从历史观上对三种大一统实践模式的批判。在此基础上,他以儒家传统的三代王道政治为内核,对大一统进行了理想重构。%From the Qin dynasty to Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty,there were three political and administrative models of national unification,that is,the unity with tyranny in the Qin dynasty,the unity with natural administration in the early Han dynasty and the unity with numerous political de-sires in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty,The three models all worshiped the Yellow Emperor with whom they justified their authority and rationality.Even in this cultural context,Dong Zhongshu,a thinker and a Confucianist of the West Han dynasty,abandoned the worship of the Yellow Emperor and created his theory of three-dynasty unification based on the practice of the Xia, the Shang and the Zhou dynasties.The nature of his theory of three-dynasty unification is based on the political unification of the three dynasties following the tradition of Confucianism,which is quite different from the three previous models as well as a critical reconstruction of the ideal of national uni-fication.