黑格尔在《精神现象学》的主奴斗争篇章里描述了一种“片面的和不平衡的承认”，这种承认的发生主要是由于主奴斗争之后产生了不对等的自我意识。后来在《法哲学原理》里黑格尔对承认理论做了很大的发展，建立了由自由意志出发、以所有权为基础、以劳动为手段的市民社会，以此作为相互承认的主体交往活动的平台。马克思认为，黑格尔颠倒了私有财产与劳动之间的关系，黑格尔所谓人人平等、相互承认的市民社会实际包含着各种压迫和奴役。只要广泛地为了满足需要而进行的社会分工还存在，人类还必须为了满足自身生存的自然必然性而被迫从事劳动，平等而普遍的“承认”就是不可能实现的。%The one-sided and imbalanced “recognition” described in The Phenomenology of Mind by Hegel was mainly due to the non-equivalent self-awareness generated from the master-servant strug-gle. Based on free will, ownership, and labor as its means, Hegel set up a civil society for mutual recog-nition and interaction, which marked a great development of his recognition theory in Grundlinien Derphi-losophie Des Rechts. According to Hegel, everyone was equal, mutual-recognized in this civil society. However, Marx believed that Hegel had reversed the relationship between the private property and labor, and the society was actually filled with various of oppression and enslavement. As long as the social divi-sion exists to widely satisfy social needs, human beings have to work to survive, the equally universal“recognition” is impossible.
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