楚卜筮简中的数字卦及清华简《筮法》的解卦原理

摘要

The mantic art on the Tsinghua bamboo slips and the divination on Chu bamboo slips excavated at Tianxingguan, Boashan,and Geling Village belong to the same system: numeral diagrams. However, it differs from the above three divination Chu bamboo slips in following aspects: the numeral diagrams of the latter are the records of actual divinations, the numeral diagrams of the former are divinatory principles and methods recorded on the slips. There are 114 numeral diagrams on the Tsinghua bamboo slips concerning divination, composed of six digits: “一(one)”, “四(four)”, “五(five)”, “ 六(six)”, “八(eight)” , and “九(nine)”.Theoretically, six digits constitute a 6-digit numeral diagram, and altogether produce 46656 results. But the mantic art on the Tsinghua bamboo slips recorded only 114 of them, which might have been screened and summarized. The numeral diagrams on the Tsinghua bamboo slips appeared in pairs, but they were not in a bengua-zhigua relationship. It took the divinatory method by four numbers (which form a trigram), with the factors like“year(年)”,“month(月)”, and“date(日)”in divination and“man and woman (男女)”,“left and right (左右)”,“zhaomu (昭穆)”“shuru(数入)”taken into account. It is a divinatory method of unique principles.%清华简《筮法》与天星观、包山以及葛陵楚简的卜筮应属同一系统，即“数字卦”一系。然而，《筮法》与上述三种楚卜筮简的区别在于：后者的数字卦是对实际占筮结果的记录，前者的数字卦则是作为占筮的原理与方法而被记载下来。《筮法》共有114个数字卦，由“一”、“四”、“五”、“六”、“八”、“九”六个数字构成。理论上讲，六个不同的数字组成一个六位数字卦，总共会得到6^6=46656种不同结果，而《筮法》却只记载其中的114种，这可能经过了抄手的筛选与总结。《筮法》中的数字卦虽然都是两两一组并列出现，但两卦之间绝非本卦与之卦的关系，其所采用的是“四位”为基础，占筮的岁、月、日与八经卦的“男女”、“左右”、“昭穆”、“数出”、“数入”等因素均包括在内的独特的占筮原理与方法。