The use of multifaceted Rasch measurement (MFRM) has prevailed in the assessment field, especially in assessing second language (L2) speaking and writing, which involves complex interactions between test takers, tasks, raters, rating scales, and other factors. McNamara and Knoch (2012) describe how Rasch measurement, especially MFRM was adopted in L2 testing communities in the 1990s. Recent applications include Davis (2016) and Aryadousta (2016), both of which investigated the complex nature of L2 speaking assessment.
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