tumor

摘要： Introduction: Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue tumor in children. Modern multidisciplinary approaches make it possible to better characterize the different entities and to adapt the treatment accordingly. Paratesticular localization is rare and aggressive. We report here a case of paratesticular localization in a 30 months old boy. Observation: The parents would have noticed a small, painless and rapidly evolving testicular mass in the 6 months old child. Not having health insurance, they went to the hospital only 5 months later. This was followed by a total ablation of the mass (without orchidectomy) and a pleiomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma had been concluded. No chemotherapy was performed and the mass recurred 2 months later. This time, its ablation was followed by a series of non-adapted chemotherapy sessions with irregular follow-ups leading 8 months later to the child’s admission at our department. He presented with a degraded general condition, associating an infectious and anemic syndrome, an important increase of the scrotal mass and the occurrence of a tumoral mass in the left iliac fossa. The tumoral nature of these masses was confirmed on abdominal ultrasound and scan. The tumor was classified stage II (TNM: initial Tumors, Nodes, Metastasis). The multidisciplinary medical staff indicated a total ablation of the two masses, followed by a new session of adapted chemotherapy, in the absence of radiotherapy means. The child died in the immediate surgery follow-ups due to cardiac arrest. Conclusion: In our context of insufficient technical facilities, only early detection and adapted imperative chemotherapy, would have enabled a durable remission in front of the paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma.

摘要： Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a common cause of cancer-related death,and most patients are with advanced disease when diagnosed.At present,despite a variety of treatments have been devel-oped for PDAC,few effective treatment options are available;on the other hand,PDAC shows significant resistance to chemoradiotherapy,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy due to its heterogeneous genetic profile,molecular signaling pathways,and complex tumor immune microenvironment.Nevertheless,over the past decades,there have been many new advances in the key theory and understanding of the in-trinsic mechanisms and complexity of molecular biology and molecular immunology in pancreatic can-cer,based on which more and more diverse new means and reasonable combination strategies for PDAC treatment have been developed and preliminary breakthroughs have been made.With the continuous ex-ploration,from surgical local treatment to comprehensive medical management,the research-diagnosis-management system of pancreatic cancer is improving.This review focused on the variety of treatments for advanced PDAC,including traditional chemotherapy,targeted therapy,immunotherapy,microenviron-ment matrix regulation as well as the treatment targeting epigenetics,metabolism and cancer stem cells.We pointed out the current research bottlenecks and future exploration directions.

摘要： As one of the most promising tools for deep analyses of tumor characteristics, single-cell RNA sequencing(sc RNAseq) is well welcomed for the great advantages of analyzing tumor features at single cell levels(1). However, the substantial gap between clinical practice and basis research on sc RNA-seq still could not be ignored.

摘要： BACKGROUND Preoperative therapy is widely used in locally advanced rectal cancer.It can improve local control of rectal cancer.However,there are few indicators that can predict the effect of preoperative chemotherapy accurately.AIM To investigate whether the increase in serumα-fetoprotein(AFP)can predict better efficacy of preoperative chemotherapy.METHODS This was a retrospective study.We analyzed 125 patients admitted between 2017 and 2019 with locally advanced rectal cancer.All patients received six cycles of preoperative chemotherapy(mFOLFOX6 every 2 wk).Serum AFP of 26 patients rose slightly after three or four cycles of chemotherapy,and fell to normal again within 2 mo.The other 99 patients had a normal level of serum AFP during chemotherapy.Patients were divided into two groups(AFP risen and AFP normal).According to postoperative pathology,we compared tumor regression and complete response rate between the two groups.The primary outcome measure was the tumor regression grade(TRG)after chemotherapy.The difference in pathological complete response between the two groups was also investigated.RESULTS There were no tumor progression and distant metastasis in both groups during preoperative chemotherapy.Patients in the AFP risen group achieved better TRG 0/1 than those in the AFP normal group(61.5%vs 39.4%).The increase in AFP was a significant predictor for better tumor regression[χ2=4.144,odds ratio(OR)=2.666,P=0.04].In the AFP risen group,the complete response rate was 30.8%,which was higher than in the AFP normal group(30.8%vs 12.1%,χ2=4.542,OR=3.251,P=0.03).CONCLUSION Patients with a slight increase in serum AFP can achieve better tumor regression during preoperative chemotherapy,and are more likely to achieve pathological complete response.

摘要： Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare benign, locally invasive neoplasm afflicting the infant more often in the craniofacial region. The current understanding is that this tumor’s origin is neural crest cells. The typical presentation is that a rapidly growing non-ulcerated anterior maxillary mass occurs in an infant usually less than six months old. This tumor may involve other areas including the ovaries, epididymis, femur, mandible, and brain. We present that an 8-month-old infant with a maxillary lesion of MNTI appeared encapsulated, which is a hitherto unreported feature. Investigations leading to the diagnosis and the management of the case are also presented. The need to report cases of this rare entity cannot be overemphasized as this will go a long way in adding new knowledge about its biological nature.

摘要： Ganglioneuroma is a rare benign tumor Neuronagliomas of the adrenal gland are a rare pathology. Therefore, this case will be of interest to urologists, surgeons, oncologists, and pathologists. Located in the adrenal gland (20%), along the sympathetic chain, and particularly in the posterior mediastinum (40%) and the retroperitoneum (30%). Ganglioneuroma poses a positive diagnostic and therapeutic problem. We report the case of a patient aged 48 admitted for pain in the right hypochondrium. He had no significant past medical or surgical history. On a physical examination, there were no noticeable findings except for mild tenderness and a mass on palpation. He underwent abdominal CT, which showed a relatively homogenous right adrenal tumor measuring. Endocrine work-up including urine catecholamine and cortisol levels was normal. Due to the tumor size and with consideration of the differential diagnosis of a malignant lesion, we elected to operate on the patient. Right adrenalectomy was performed, with no related complications. The final histopathologic report revealed adrenal ganglioneuroma. Although benign, the ganglioneuroma can present malignant aspects, in particular, CT scans and biological that can mislead the clinician, so histology remains the examination of choice for making the diagnosis.

摘要： BACKGROUND Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma(LGESS)classically exhibits a proliferative morphology.However,morphological variation of extrauterine tumors presents a diagnostic challenge.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 76-year-old female patient with extensive extrauterine and abdominal neoplastic lesions.Computed tomography showed massive pleural and ascitic fluid,and there was an increase in serum cancer antigen 125.She underwent bilateral adnexectomy and tumor resection.The right ovary had been replaced by a multinodular mass that was 8.5 cm×4.5 cm×3.5 cm in size.In addition,there was a 24 cm×15 cm×13 cm mesenteric mass,which was also multinodular,with local invasion of the intestinal serosa and underlying muscle.Under the microscope,the tumors in different places exhibited two different patterns,thus presenting great challenges to diagnosis and treatment.Thorough pathological assessment eliminated all differential diagnoses in favor of metastatic LGESS derived from a 20-year-old primary tumor initially misdiagnosed as leiomyosarcoma.CONCLUSION LGESS morphology varies according to tumor location.Accurate diagnosis is critical for appropriate treatment and improved prognosis and patient care.

摘要： Cancer has been an insurmountable problem in the history of medical science.The uncontrollable proliferation of cancer cells is one of cancers main characteristics,which is closely associated with abn ormal mitosis.Targeting mitosis is an effective method for cancer treatment.This review summarizes several natural products with anti-tumor effects related to mitosis,focusing on targeting microtubulin,inducing DNA damage,and modulating mitosis-associated kinases.Furthermore,the main disadvantages of several typical compounds,including drug resistance,toxicity to non-tumor tissues,and poor aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic properties,are also discussed,together with strategies to address them.Improved understanding of cancer cell mitosis and natural products may pave the way to drug development for the treatment of cancer.

摘要： Diagnosing data or object detection in medical images is one of the important parts of image segmentation especially those data which is less effective to identify inMRI such as low-grade tumors or cerebral spinal fluid(CSF)leaks in the brain.The aim of the study is to address the problems associated with detecting the low-grade tumor and CSF in brain is difficult in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)images and another problem also relates to efficiency and less execution time for segmentation of medical images.For tumor and CSF segmentation using trained light field database(LFD)datasets of MRI images.This research proposed the new framework of the hybrid k-Nearest Neighbors(k-NN)model that is a combination of hybridization of Graph Cut and Support Vector Machine(GCSVM)and Hidden Markov Model of k-Mean Clustering Algorithm(HMMkC).There are four different methods are used in this research namely(1)SVM,(2)GrabCut segmentation,(3)HMM,and(4)k-mean clustering algorithm.In this framework,on the one hand,phase one is to perform the classification of SVM and Graph Cut algorithm to create the maximum margin distance.This research use GrabCut segmentation method which is the application of the graph cut algorithm and extract the data with the help of scaleinvariant features transform.On the other hand,in phase two,segment the low-grade tumors and CSF using a method adapted for HMkC and extract the information of tumor or CSF fluid by GCHMkC including iterative conditional maximizing mode(ICMM)with identifying the range of distant.Comparative evaluation is also performing by the comparison of existing techniques in this research.In conclusion,our proposed model gives better results than existing.This proposed model helps to common man and doctor that can identify their condition of brain easily.In future,this will model will use for other brain related diseases.

摘要： Immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)therapy has recently shown promise in treating several malignancies.However,only a limited number of patients respond to this treatment,partially because of the“immune cold”condition of the tumor immune microenvironment.Pyroptosis is a type of gasdermin-mediated programmed cell death that often leads to inflammation and immune responses.Many studies on the mechanism and function of pyroptosis have led to increasing recognition of the role of pyroptosis in malignant progression and immune therapy.Pyroptosis has the potential to alter the tumor immune microenvironment by releasing tumor-associated antigens,damage-associated molecular patterns,and proinflammatory cytokines,thus leading to intratumoral inflammatory responses,stimulation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell infiltration,conversion of“cold”to“hot”tumors,and ultimately improving the efficacy of ICB therapy.Some cancer treatments have been shown to restore anticancer immunosurveillance through the induction of pyroptosis.Therapy promoting pyroptosis and ICB therapy may have synergistic effects in cancer treatment.This review summarizes the mechanisms and roles of pyroptosis in the tumor microenvironment and combination treatment strategies.An improved understanding of the roles of pyroptosis in tumorigenesis,immune evasion,and treatment would aid in the development of therapeutic strategies for malignancies.