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Formation of white etching cracks at manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions in bearing steel due to hammering impact loading

机译:由于锤击冲击载荷,在轴承钢中的硫化锰(mns)夹杂物中形成白色蚀刻裂缝

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摘要

Wind turbine gearbox bearings (WTGBs) are failing prematurely, leading to increased operational costs of wind energy. Bearing failure by white structure flaking (WSF) and axial cracking may both be caused by the propagation of white etching cracks (WECs) and have been observed to cause premature failures; however, their damage mechanism is currently not well understood. Crack initiation has been found to occur at subsurface material defects in bearing steel, which may develop into WECs. One hypothesis for WEC formation at these defects, such as non-metallic inclusions, is that repetitive impact loading of a rolling element on a bearing raceway, due to torque reversals and transient loading during operation, leads to high numbers of stress-concentrating load cycles at defects that exceed the material yield strength. In this study, a number of tests were carried out using a reciprocating hammer-type impact rig. Tests were designed to induce subsurface yielding at stress concentrating manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions. The effects of increasing surface contact stress and number of impact cycles, with and without surface traction, were investigated. Damage adjacent to MnS inclusions, similar to that observed in a failed WTGB raceway, was recreated on bearing steel test specimens. It has been found that increasing the subsurface equivalent stresses and the number of impact cycles both led to increased damage levels. Damage was observed at subsurface equivalent stresses of above 2.48 GPa after at least 50,000 impact cycles. WECs were recreated during tests that applied surface traction for 1,000,000 impacts.
机译:风力涡轮机齿轮箱轴承(WTGB)过早失效,导致风能运营成本增加。由白色结构剥落(WSF)和轴向裂纹引起的轴承失效可能都是由白色蚀刻裂纹(WEC)的传播引起的,并且已经观察到会导致过早失效。但是,它们的破坏机理目前尚不十分清楚。已发现在轴承钢的地下材料缺陷处发生裂纹萌生,并可能发展为WEC。在这些缺陷(例如非金属夹杂物)上形成WEC的一种假设是,由于运行过程中的扭矩反转和瞬态载荷,滚动元件在轴承滚道上的重复冲击载荷会导致大量的应力集中载荷循环超过材料屈服强度的缺陷。在这项研究中,使用往复锤式冲击钻机进行了许多测试。设计测试以在应力集中的硫化锰(MnS)夹杂物下诱导地下屈服。研究了在有和没有表面牵引的情况下,增加表面接触应力和冲击循环次数的影响。在轴承钢试样上会重新产生与MnS夹杂物相邻的损伤,类似于在失效的WTGB滚道中观察到的损伤。已经发现,增加地下等效应力和冲击循环的次数都导致增加的破坏水平。在至少50,000次冲击循环后,在高于2.48 ofGPa的地下等效应力下观察到损坏。在应用表面牵引力进行1,000,000次冲击的测试过程中,重新创建了WEC。

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