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Seagrass amphipod assemblages in a Mediterranean marine protected area: a multiscale approach

机译:地中海海洋保护区中的海草两栖动物组合:一种多尺度方法

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摘要

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a key tool for conservation purposes, but few studies have assessed the responses of small macrozoobenthic assemblages to different protection levels in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, we used a hierarchical sampling design spanning three orders of magnitude (1-10-100 metres) to investigate whether a marine protected area exerts an effect on amphipod assemblages associated with Posidonia oceanica meadows. This study reports spatial and temporal variability patterns of amphipod assemblages in four different protection levels and discusses potential confounding effects, such as habitat features. The structure of amphipod assemblages based on density data was patchy at all spatial scales investigated, but differed markedly among protection levels. Among outstanding points, multiscale analyses showed that lower densities and/or biomasses of several taxa occurred within fully protected and external areas in comparison with partially protected areas (PPAs). Furthermore, Posidonia oceanica meadow features (shoot density, leaf and epiphyte biomasses, coefficient A and litter biomass) accounted for only a low proportion of the total variability. We can consequently infer that the observed patchiness is likely to occur for multiple and interconnected reasons, ranging from the ecological and behavioural traits of amphipod species to protection-dependent processes (e.g. fish predation). Long term multiscale spatial and temporal monitoring, as well as experimental manipulations, are clearly needed to fully understand the effects of protection on macrozoobenthic assemblages.
机译:海洋保护区(MPA)是用于保护目的的重要工具,但是很少有研究评估小型大型动物群对地中海不同保护水平的反应。在这项研究中,我们使用了跨越三个数量级(1-10-100米)的分层抽样设计,以调查海洋保护区是否对与波西多尼亚海洋草甸相关的两栖动物组合产生影响。这项研究报告了在四个不同保护水平上的两栖动物组合的时空变异模式,并讨论了潜在的混杂效应,例如栖息地特征。基于密度数据的两栖动物组合的结构在所有调查的空间尺度上都是零散的,但是在保护水平上却有显着差异。在突出的方面中,多尺度分析表明,与部分保护区(PPA)相比,在完全保护区和外部区的几种类群的密度和/或生物量较低。此外,波西多尼亚大洋洲的草地特征(枝条密度,叶片和附生生物量,系数A和凋落物生物量)仅占总变异性的很小一部分。因此,我们可以推断出观察到的斑块很可能是由于多种相互联系的原因而发生的,从两栖类物种的生态和行为特征到依赖保护的过程(例如鱼类的捕食)。要充分了解保护对大型动物群的影响,显然需要长期的多尺度空间和时间监视以及实验操作。

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