Prepared social learning about dangerous animals in children

摘要

Natural selection is likely to have shaped developmental systems for rapid acquisition of knowledge about environmental dangers, including dangerous animals. However, learning about dangerous animals through direct encounters can be costly and potentially fatal. In social species such as humans, the presence of stored information about danger in the minds of conspecifics might favor the evolution of prepared social learning mechanisms that cause children to preferentially attend to and remember culturally transmitted information about danger. Here we use an experimental learning task to show that children from two very different cultures exhibit prepared social learning about dangerous animals: city-dwelling children from Los Angeles, who face relatively little danger from animals, and Shuar children from the Amazon region of Ecuador, to whom dangerous animals pose a much greater threat. Both populations exhibited similar prepared learning effects. Danger information was learned in a single trial without feedback, immediately entered long-term memory, and was recalled with only minor attenuation a week later, while other information presented at the same time (animal names and diets) was immediately forgotten. We discuss the significance of these design features of prepared learning in light of the phylogeny and function of danger learning systems. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.