Insulin Resistance, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, and Related Complications: Current Status and Future Perspective

摘要

The global escalation of obesity and diabetes in developed and developing nations poses a great health challenge. Obesity is one of the major causes of type 2 diabetes [1, 2]. Type 1 diabetes is primarily due to the autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta-cell leading to insulin deficiency [3, 4]. This is usually accompanied by alterations in lipid metabolism, enhanced hyperglycemia-mediated oxida-tive stress, endothelial cell dysfunction, and apoptosis [3, 4]. Similarly, in type 2 diabetes, increased glucotoxicity, lipotox-icity, endoplasmic reticulum-induced stress, and apoptosis lead to the progressive loss of beta-cells [3, 4]. While type 1 diabetes is characterized by the presence of beta-cell autoan-tibodies, a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and dysfunctional insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes [3, 4].