Corrigendum: Training Recollection in Healthy Older Adults: Clear Improvements on the Training Task, but Little Evidence of Transfer

摘要

Due to errors that were noticed recently in the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) scoring software version 1.0.0 with the software occasionally mis-counting items, we have recalculated all CVLT scores and re-run all relevant analyses. This update was completed with a software update (to version 1.0.2) (see http://pearsonassessmentsupport.com/support/index.php?View=entry&EntryID=741 ). The majority of the statistical effects remain the same as in the original publication, except for two. These are: Section: Predictors of training gains For the regression, the initial analysis showed that adding the additional variables led to a significant increase in prediction. Now this result is marginally significant, at p = 0.056. The initial increase was by 45% and now it is by 44%. In the same regression, Model 2 Digit Span Backward was initially statistically significant at p = 0.049, but after corrections now p = 0.058. We state that this effect is marginally significant. Because of this initially significant effect, in a partial correlation conducted later on section entitled: Do those participants who show the greatest gains in training also show the greatest improvements on the transfer tasks? , we controlled for Digit Span backwards scores. We chose to still control for these scores, given that the significant test is so close to the cut-off. No other effect changes were observed in any of our analyses involving the CVLT. The values, however, have changed slightly and we have updated those values in Tables 3 , 4 of the manuscript. Table 3 Pre- and post-training scores on transfer measures . Recognition control Recollection training p -value Pre Post Pre Post M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) Group Time Group × Time CVLT-II List 1-5 proportion accuracy ~(a) 0.77 (0.10) 0.76 (0.13) 0.70 (0.15) 0.72 (0.12) 0.11 0.86 0.49 CVLT-II SD free proportion accuracy ~(a) 0.80 (0.16) 0.81 (0.18) 0.71 (0.22) 0.75 (0.21) 0.15 0.23 0.43 CVLT-II LD free proportion accuracy ~(a) 0.76 (0.24) 0.81 (0.26) 0.76 (0.21) 0.78 (0.23) 0.86 0.50 0.50 CVLT-II total across list intrusions 0.01 (0.02) 0.05 (0.09) 0.05 (0.12) 0.06 (0.15) 0.24 0.15 0.38 BVMT-R T1-3 proportion accuracy 0.69 (0.21) 0.71 (0.21) 0.71 (0.11) 0.72 (0.13) 0.70 0.46 0.97 BVMT-R DR proportion accuracy 0.83 (0.15) 0.84 (0.14) 0.83 (0.13) 0.83 (0.13) 0.94 0.73 0.95 Digit Span Forward ~(b) 10.60 (2.01) 10.20 (1.40) 10.23 (1.72) 10.70 (1.74) 0.89 0.87 0.04 ~(*) Digit Span Backward ~(b) 7.45 (2.42) 8.90 (2.36) 7.23 (2.33) 7.97 (2.63) 0.35 0.003 ~(**) 0.31 Source memory spatial % ~(c) 62.50 (15.31) 59.19 (14.20) 58.15 (13.25) 67.39 (12.10) 0.54 0.34 0.047 ~(*) Source memory temporal % ~(d) 66.91 (15.11) 64.33 (11.43) 63.10 (13.67) 65.77 (17.52) 0.09 0.99 0.36 Source memory voice % ~(d) 72.79 (16.82) 77.57 (17.12) 75.60 (13.82) 73.51 (17.66) 0.89 0.61 0.20 Source memory item % ~(d) 94.26 (4.40) 93.24 (7.22) 92.07 (9.22) 90.87 (10.99) 0.37 0.35 0.94 MMQ contentment (/72) 39.33 (12.08) 42.38 (10.77) 40.73 (12.00) 41.73 (9.87) 0.90 0.10 0.40 MMQ ability (/80) 46.1 (9.20) 47.60 (9.28) 48.00 (10.78) 49.41 (10.72) 0.49 0.24 0.97 MMQ strategy (/76) 41.10 (8.74) 38.0 (7.21) 35.93 (10.92) 35.20 (8.31) 0.09 0.14 0.36 CVLT-II List 1-5, Average proportion accuracy on Trials 1-5; CVLT-II SD, CVLT-II Short Delay; CVLT-II LD, CVLT-II Long Delay; BVMT-R T1-3, Average proportion accuracy on Trials 1-3; BVMT-R DR, BVMT-R Delayed Recall. MMQ, Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire . a Sample size (n = 21, n = 29) . b Sample size (n = 20, n = 30) . c Sample size (n = 17, n = 23) . d Sample size (n = 17, n = 21) . * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 . Table 4 Intercorrelations for Rank, MoCA, CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall Proportion Accuracy (CVLT LD), and Digits Backward at baseline . Rank Age YOE MoCA Digit Span Forward Digit Span Backward CVLT-II LD Free Rank 1.00 0.311 ~(*) –0.201 –0.472 ~(**) –0.049 –0.367 ~(*) –0.392 ~(*) Age 1.00 0.251 –0.155 –0.066 –0.281 –0.225 YOE 1.00 0.266 0.189 0.038 0.259 MoCA 1.00 0.263 0.227 0.353 ~(*) Digit Span Forward 1.00 0.435 ~(**) 0.058 Digit Span Backward 1.00 –0.059 CVLT-II LD 1.00 Hierarchical Regression Analysis summary for Age, Years of Education (YOE), MoCA, CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall (CVLT LD Free), Digits Forward, and Digits Backward at baseline predicting rank . * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 . Model Variable B SEB Beta p -value 1 Age 0.612 0.286 0.386 0.041 YOE –0.847 0.513 –0.297 0.110 2 Age 0.236 0.287 0.149 0.421 YOE –0.346 0.509 –0.122 0.503 MOCA –1.024 0.600 –0.305 0.101 Digit span forward 1.231 0.917 0.240 0.192 Digit span backward –1.403 0.703 –0.371 0.058 CVLT LD Free –10.800 7.627 –0.256 0.170 Model 1. R~(2)= 0.18, R Adj = 0.12 (N = 29, p = 0.069) . Model 2. R~(2)= 0.44, R Adj = 0.29 (N = 29, p = 0.026) . Overall, given the changes affect only one of our outcome measures and the fact that the results with this outcome measure have changed only for two statistical tests, we believe that the correction does not affect the scientific validity of the resul