Roles of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway in bile acid‐induced cancer development

摘要

Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) as well as adenocarcinomas (EACs) were developed in rat duodenal contents reflux models (reflux model). The present study aimed to shed light on the mechanism by which bile acid stimulation causes cancer onset and progression. Metabolomics analyses were performed on samples of neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues from reflux models, and K14D, cultivated from a nonmetastatic, primary ESCC, and ESCC‐DR, established from a metastatic thoracic lesion. ESCC‐DRtca2M was prepared by treating ESCC‐DR cells with taurocholic acid (TCA) to accelerate cancer progression. The lines were subjected to comprehensive genomic analyses. In addition>, protein expression levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) (p65) and O‐linked N‐Acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) were compared among lines. Cancers developed in the reflux models exhibited greater hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) activation compared with the nonneoplastic tissues. Expression of O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) increased considerably in both style="fixed-case">ESCC and style="fixed-case">EAC compared with nonneoplastic squamous epithelium. Conversely, cell line‐based experiments revealed the greater activation of the pentose phosphate pathway ( style="fixed-case">PPP) at higher degrees of malignancy. G6 style="fixed-case">PD overexpression in response to style="fixed-case">TCA exposure was observed. Both style="fixed-case">NF‐κB (p65) and O‐Glc style="fixed-case">NAc were expressed more highly in style="fixed-case">ESCC‐ style="fixed-case">DRtca2M than in the other cell lines. Moreover, style="fixed-case">ESCC‐ style="fixed-case">DRtca2M cells had additional chromosomal abnormalities in excess of style="fixed-case">ESCC‐ style="fixed-case">DR cells. Overall, glucose metabolism was upregulated in both esophageal cancer tissue and cell lines. While bile acids are not mutagenic, chronic exposure seems to trigger style="fixed-case">NF‐κB(p65) activation, potentially inducing genetic mutations as well as facilitating carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Glucose metabolism was upregulated in both esophageal cancer tissue and cell lines, and the style="fixed-case">HBP was activated in the former. The cell line‐based experiments demonstrated upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway ( style="fixed-case">PPP) at higher degrees of malignancy. While bile acids are not mutagenic, chronic exposure seems to trigger G6 style="fixed-case">PD overexpression and style="fixed-case">NF‐κB (p65) activation, potentially inducing genetic mutations as well as facilitating carcinogenesis and cancer progression.