In order to better understand quality and characteristics of peony seed oil in Hunan, and to provide a reference basis for development and utilization of peony seed in Hunan, the peony seeds composition, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of peony seed oil were analyzed. The results showed that: the contents of crude fat, protein content and starch content in peony seed with shell were 20.77%, 13.76% and 18.81%, respectively, and contrarily the indexes in peony seed without shell were 28.36%, 19.94% and 22.98%, respectively. So the peony seed oil was edible oil resources to be worth of developing, and breaking shell in peony seed could improve seed quality at maximum extent. Physicochemical properties of peony seed oil had no signiifcant differences between seeds with shell and without shell, acid value, iodine value and saponiifcation value of the crude oil were 1.7 mg/g, 1.77 g/g and 194 mg/g, respectively, and the indexes were basic consistent with physicochemical properties of common edible oil. There have 4.9% palmitic acid, 21.3% oleic acid, 30% linoleic acid, 40.2% linolenic acid, and 1.5% stearic acid in peony seed oil, linolenic acid content was higher, over 40%, and unsaturated fatty acid content was about 91%, mainly including linolenic acid and linoleic acid.%为更好了解湖南牡丹籽油的品质与特性，从而为湖南油用牡丹籽的开发与利用提供参考依据，对牡丹籽的组成、牡丹籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组分进行了测定与分析。结果表明：带壳牡丹籽的粗脂肪含量为20.77%，不带壳牡丹籽的粗脂肪含量为28.36%；不带壳牡丹籽的蛋白质含量为19.94%，淀粉含量为22.98%，而带壳牡丹籽的蛋白质含量为13.76%，淀粉含量为18.81%，说明牡丹籽油是值得开发的食用油资源，牡丹籽破壳可以最大程度地提高牡丹籽的品质；带壳和不带壳牡丹籽油的理化性质相差不大，初榨毛油的酸值在1.7 mg/g左右，碘值在1.77 g/g左右，皂化值在194 mg/g左右，这些指标与常见食用油的理化性质基本相符；牡丹籽油的棕榈酸含量为4.9%，油酸21.3%，亚油酸30%，亚麻酸40.2%，硬脂酸1.5%，亚麻酸含量很高，达到了40%以上，牡丹籽油的不饱和脂肪酸含量在91%左右，其中以亚麻酸和亚油酸为主。
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