针对目前果园开沟施肥存在耕作阻力大、功耗过高、搅肥不均匀,该文研制了1KS60-35X果园型双螺旋施肥机,采用前轴破土、后轴搅土施肥设计方案,并建立作业过程破土与搅土刀轴阻力矩方程,分析了螺旋叶片参数对耕作阻力影响,进一步研究了螺旋刃线成型参数方程,通过经验设计与理论设计计算确定破土与搅土施肥轴螺旋叶片参数,并运用PROE软件建立刀轴与整机三维参数化数字模型,并完成样机试制工作.样机的开沟、施肥田间试验结果表明,该机开沟沟深472~510 mm,平均沟深496 mm,平均推土高度120 mm,开沟深度稳定系数98.2%,开沟宽度一致性99.2%;土壤团粒直径多在3~6 mm之间,全土层与地表100 mm土层团粒直径范围5~40 mm,取样结果全土层与地表100 mm土层土壤团粒平均直径分别为6.75与6.86 mm,碎土合格率分别为98.7%与97.9%;颗粒肥料堆积现象较少,重心距离5~20 mm之间,重心水平与垂直平均距离分别15.53与16.24 mm,且各土层段施肥性能较稳定,满足果园施肥农艺要求,可为果园、桑园、茶园等开沟施肥作业提供参考.%The traditional orchard fertilization scheme is the sequence of trenching, fertilization and covering soil. In the process of orchard planting and management, trenching deeply is a key link, which has a great impact on the yield of orchard as well as the sweetness and quality of the orchard fruit. However, at present, orchard trenching and fertilization machine has a series of problems, such as great cultivation resistance, high power consumption and uneven mixing fertilizer, and there is a great need to develop a new kind of fertilization machine. So a double-helix fertilization machine named 1KS60-35X was designed, which used the front axle to break the ground while used the rear axle to mix the soil and fertilizer. The resistance torque equation of the rotary shaft used for breaking and mixing the soil was established, which could be used to quantitatively analyze the effect of screw blade parameters on tillage resistance. Furthermore, on the basis of the research on the parametric equation of spiral cutting edge, as well as by means of experience and theory calculation, the helical blade parameters of ground soil fertilization shaft were determined. Then the 3D (three-dimensional) parametric models of the cutter shaft and the whole machine were established using Pro/E. On this foundation, the prototype of a double-helix fertilization machine was completed. Afterwards, a series of trenching and fertilization field experiments were carried out, and the results showed that the ditching depth of this machine could achieve from 472 to 510 mm, and meanwhile the average depth could reach 496 mm and the average soil pushing height could attain 120 mm. In addition, the planting depth stability coefficient could achieve 98.2% and the planting width consistency could reach 99.2%. The soil aggregate diameters were mostly between 3 and 6 mm; the soil aggregate diameter in the whole soil and 100 mm surface soil ranged from 5 to 40 mm, while those from the sampling results were 6.75 and 6.86 mm, respectively. So the qualified rates of broken soil were 98.7% and 97.9%, respectively. The situation of granular fertilizer accumulation occurred less by using this machine, the vertical and horizontal distances of the centers of gravities were 16.24 and 15.53 mm, respectively, and the fertilization performance of each soil layer was relatively stable. This new designed machine abandoned the traditional operation mode of first trenching, then fertilization, and then covering the soil, while adopted the new operation mode that trenching, fertilization and covering the soil were carried out at the same time. So the number of operations could be effectively reduced. Therefore, with this new machine, the fertilization can be uniform and reduce the waste of fertilizer. What's more, it can improve the soil structure and promote the root system of the fruit trees, which is beneficial to fruit growth. This new designed machine not only meets the agronomic requirements of orchard fertilization, but also provides a reference for the trenching and fertilization operation in mulberry field and tea garden.
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