论形声字的来源及其产生的层次性

摘要

形声字是汉字系统中能产性最强的一种字形结构，从甲骨丈的27％、两汉时期的82．3％到唐宋以后的94％以上，其比例不断增加。之所以有这么大的比例，是由于形声字经历了四个阶段和以象形字、指事字、会意字、旧形声字、假借字和通假字为源头发展来的。绝大多数形声字并不是同时组合形符和声符而形成的，往往是先有形符后加声符或者先有声符后加形符构成，这说明形声字内部形符和声符的产生过程具有明显的层次性。汉字发展的历史证明，汉字形声化过程从先秦就开始了，并非传统认为的从秦汉开始。汉字形声化就是制造形声字的过程，用了加形符、加声符、替换形符、替换声符、改变造字法、同时组合形符和声符以及组合原来同一对异体形声字七种方法。%The Chinese pictophonetic characters are the most productive in Chinese characters system, with an increasing rate from 27% in the oracle-bone characters to 82. 3% in the Han Dynasty and to the more than 94% in the Song dynasty. The reason why such a large proportion is due to the pictophonetic characters gone through four stages, and developed from the pietophonetie characters, the self-explanatory characters, the associative eharaeters, the old pictophonetic characters, the phonetic loan eharacters and the interchangeability of Chinese characters. The most pietophonetic characters are not the same combination of the pictogram and the phonetic element, but often the formation of a Chinese eharaeter is done by adding a phonetic element on a pietogram or adding a pietogram on a phonetic element, which indicates that the productive progress of the pictogram and phonetic element has an obvious hierarchy. The development of Chinese characters proves that the process of Chinese pietophonetic characters started from the pre-Qin days （before 221 BC）, not from the Qin and Han Dynasty that is a traditional view. There are seven ways of forming the Chinese pictophonetic character： adding pictogram, adding phonetie element, replacing pietogram, replacing phonetic element, changing word-formation, combining pictogram and phonetic element as well as combining two different pictophonetie eharacters.