祀孔与立学：宋濂“天子立学之法”与孔子圣师地位论争

摘要

明洪武四年，宋濂因议论孔庙祀典而遭贬谪，他构想的“天子立学之法”也引发了一场孔子圣师地位论争。选择贝琼对宋濂的驳斥作为突破口，来揭示这场论争的真相：“天子立学之法”是身处“道统”与“治统”夹缝中的宋濂回应朱元璋兴学国策的“折衷之策”；由于“天子立学之法”动摇了在学校祭祀体制中确立孔子先圣地位的“贞观之制”，故而遭到贝琼的严词驳斥；“天子立学之法”与朱元璋推行以孔子为核心的一元化的学校祭祀体制的立场存在无法调和的矛盾，这从根本上导致宋濂的构想成为泡影。%In 1371,the Ming Dynasty Hongwu four years,Song Lian was relegated because of his arti-cle on sacrificial rites of the Confucius temple,and his proposal for building governmental schools to Chu Yuan-chang also caused a debate on the position of Confucius as a sage and teacher.The paper chose Bei Qiong’s refutation against Song Lian as a breakthrough point,trying to further reveal the truth of the de-bate.This paper argues that the proposal for building government schools put forward by Song Lian,who was in the crack between Confucian Orthodoxy and Rule Orthodoxy,is a compromising response to Chu Yuan-chang’s school policy.As Song Lian’s suggestion destabilized the position of Confucius as a sage and teacher in governmental school sacrificial system,which was established in the Zhenguan years of Tang dynasty,Bei Qiong vehemently refuted it.There was an irreconcilable contradiction between Song Lian’s opinion about the position of Confucius as a sage and teacher and Chu Yuan-chang’s stance to es-tablish a school sacrificial system with Confucius at the core,which led to the failure of Song Lian’s idea.