结构主义和后结构主义化的批判理论--让·鲍德里亚的消费社会理论

摘要

鲍德里亚虽主要以一套仿象、内爆、超现实的理论闻名于世，但其真正基础却是他在成为明星学者之前提出的一套社会理论。鲍氏社会理论实为一种结构主义和后结构主义化的另类批判理论。它属于批判理论，因为它像法兰克福学派的批判理论一样，立足于以彻底否定的态度分析当代西方社会；它不同于法兰克福学派的地方在于它先后采用结构主义和后结构主义作为基本分析武器。在马克思主义阶段，鲍氏用结构主义把现代社会界定为符号化社会，即由等级性差异系统支配的社会。在后马克思主义阶段，鲍氏用后结构主义进一步把现代社会分为确定性阶段和不确定性阶段，强调资本主义最新阶段的特点是“能指的解放”、“能指的游戏”。%Although famed forhis theory of simulacra, implosion and hyperreality, Jean Baudrillard’s truly academic contribution is his social theory before he became a star scholar. Like critical theory of the Frankfurt School, which devotes itself to analyze contemporary Western society by holding negative attitudes, Baudrillard’s social theory falls within the ambit of alternative critical theory of structuralism and post-structuralism. Unlike the Frankfurt School, Baudrillard’s social theory adopted structuralism and post-structuralism as a basic analysis tool. In the Marxism stage, Baudrillard defined modern society as a symbolized society from the perspective of structuralism, that is, a dominated society by a hierarchical system. In the post-Marxism stage, Baudrillard further divided modern society into the two stages of certainty and uncertainty from the perspective of post-structuralism and emphasized that the latest stage of capitalism is characterized by the liberation of Signifier and the game of Signifier.