框架理论对2013年奥巴马总统国情咨文中概念隐喻劝谏功能的阐释力

摘要

作为认知语言学的一个重要概念，框架最早是由C.J Fillmore(1975)引入到语言学并将其逐渐发展起来。后来的学者们认为框架是人们在体验某种特定经验和情景时在头脑中逐渐形成的认知架构，这种架构提供的情景认知和概念能够帮助人们建立已知信息和未知世界的有效关联。同样，隐喻也被认为是人们认识世界的另一种思维方式。它作为人们头脑中的一种认知机制，有助于人们理解新事物，辨识事物存在的意义。因此，框架与隐喻在人们认知新事物时可以相互关联。
　　隐喻广泛地存在于不同语言形式的语篇中，尤其经常出现在政治语篇中。前人的研究指出:隐喻在政治语篇中具有构建意识形态的功能和强大的劝谏功能。然而关于隐喻是如何实现这些功能的研究却很少见，同时也，也没有对此进行系统化和理论化的研究。笔者在有限的文献中了解到，Lakoff曾从框架理论角度对隐喻的意识形态构建功能进行过有益的探索，但他的研究却并未涉及隐喻的劝谏功能。
　　受到Lakoff研究的启发，本文从框架理论的角度切入，试图通过分析美国总统奥巴马2013年发表的国情咨文，对政治语篇中概念隐喻的劝谏力做探索式的研究。本研究结合了定量的分析概念隐喻在该语篇中的使用情况，绘制了各类隐喻的分布图和比例图;并从框架理论中预设和凸显这两个理论组成部分定性分析各类隐喻使用的政治涵义和劝谏力。
　　通过如上研究，本文得到以下主要结论:1.奥巴马总统2013年发布的国情咨文中广泛地使用了各类型的概念隐喻，其中主要有旅途隐喻，建筑隐喻，拟人和冲突隐喻;2.在国情咨文中，奥巴马总统所使用的隐喻具有强大的劝谏力和说服功能，有助于他推行新政策，树立政府形象，实现其政治意图;3.框架理论能够对政治语篇中隐喻的劝谏力进行系统地阐释。其中预设和凸显这两个理论组成成分最能从认知的角度说明奥巴马总统使用隐喻具有的说服力和劝谏效果。
　　本研究的尝试具有一定的探索性，但也存在许多不足之处，有待于未来更深入和系统的研究。

目录

声明

摘要

Abstract

Contents

Chapter One Introduction

1．1 Research Background

1．2 Review of Related Literature

1．2．1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory

1．2．2 Persuasiveness of Metaphor

1．2．3 Previous Studies on Metaphor from the Perspective of Frame Theory

1．3 Data Collection and Research Methodology

1．4 Research Questions

1．5 Research Purpose and Significance

1．6 Layout of the Thesis

Chapter Two Theoretical Foundation of Frame Theory

2．1 Definition of Frame

2．2 Previous Studies on Frame Theory

2．3 Working Mechanism of Frame Theory

2．3．1 Presupposition

2．3．2 Foregrounding

Chapter Three Metaphor Employment in the SUA

3．1 Metaphor Identification of the Corpus

3．2 Major Metaphor Types in the SUA of 2013

3．2．1 Journey Metaphor

3．2．2 Building／Construction Metaphor

3．2．3 Personification

3．2．4 Conflict Metaphor

3．3 Summary

Chapter Four Persuasiveness of Metaphor by Presupposition

4．1 Persuasiveness of Journey Metaphor by Presupposition

4．1．1 Persuasiveness of REFORM AS TRAVELLING A PATH TOWARDS PROSPERITY／EQUALITY／ORDER by Presupposition

4．1．2 Persuasiveness of COMBATING TERRORISM AS TRAVELLING ON AN UNEVEN BUT BRIGHT ROAD by Presupposition

4．2 Persuasiveness of Building Metaphor by Presupposition

4．2．1 Persuasiveness of AMERICAN SOCIETY AS BUILDING by Presupposition

4．2．2 Persuasiveness of SOCIAL REFORM AS RECONSTRUCTION by Presupposition

4．3 Persuasiveness of Personification by Presupposition

4．3．1 Persuasiveness of ILL-DIRECTED SOCIAL PROGRAMS AS VILLIAIN by Presupposition

4．3．2 Persuasiveness of OBAMA GOVERNMENT AS HERO ／AMERICAN PEOPLE AS PARTNER by Presupposition

4．4 Persuasiveness of Conflict Metaphor by Presupposition

4．4．1 Persuasiveness of COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AS CONFLICT by Presupposition

4．4．2 Persuasiveness of THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM AS CAMPAIGN by Presupposition

4．5 Summary

Chapter Five Persuasiveness of Metaphor by Foregrounding

5．1 Persuasiveness of Journey Metaphor by Foregrounding

5．2 Persuasiveness of Building Metaphor by Foregrounding

5．3 Persuasiveness of Personification by Foregrounding

5．4 Persuasiveness of Conflict Metaphor by Foregrounding

5．5 Summary

Chapter Six Conclusion

6．1 Major Findings

6．2 Limitations and Suggestions

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

Appendix

Published Paper While Registered with the MA Program