基于语料库的中国四大名著中保留宾语被动句的英译研究

摘要

汉语保留宾语被动句是一种动词后带宾语的特殊汉语被动句式。这类被动句最典型的语法特点在于主语不是直接的受事，真正的受事是位于句末的保留宾语，因此，如何处理保留宾语成为翻译中的重点和难点。 本文以中国古典四大名著为语料来源，利用中国汉英平行语料大世界语料库中的三个子语料库和一个自建的《水浒传》汉英平行语料库，采取定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法，对语料中出现的汉语保留宾语被动句及其译文的句法结构和语义特征进行分类研究，总结归纳出各类保留宾语被动句在英语中相应的表达句式和翻译手段，从而为这种句式的翻译在教与学上提供一定的借鉴意义。根据研究结果，本文主要得出以下结论: 四大名著中的汉语保留宾语句主要分为两大类，分别为习语型和规范型。习语型保留宾语被动句中，动宾组合通常具有较强的熟语性，故须作为程式语以整体形式存储和加工。而规范型保留宾语被动句是依据一定推导程序生成而来，这类被动句又可根据主宾之间的语义关系，即领属关系、整体和部分关系、结果关系以及领属和整体部分合并关系，分为相应的四小类规范型保留宾语被动句。四大名著中使用频率最高的被动标记词是“被”。通过对汉语保留宾语被动句的语义特征进行考察，进一步验证保留宾语被动句的语义韵整体也呈消极化趋势。并且其主导语义倾向为遭受义，主要原因是被动句中含有大量的遭受义动词。 语料中的译文主要分为三大类，即被动结构、非被动结构和省略不译。绝大部分汉语保留宾语在译文中对应的是非被动结构，如主动句、介词短语、短语动词、不定式、动名词、定语从句和状语从句等。不同类型的源语被动句的译文也存在差异。其中，习语型保留宾语被动句多对应于英语主动句和英语一般被动句。规范型保留宾语被动句的译文形式略显复杂，主要有英语带介词短语被动句、英语Have或Get型被动句，短语动词、英语主动句和状语从句等。具体来说，表示结果关系的规范型保留宾语被动句多对应英语状语从句，有领属和整体合并关系的被动句多对应英语带介词短语被动句。译文产生差异的部分原因在于对源语的深层句法结构和语义特征的处理方式不同，如为了凸显句中保留宾语的句法位置和语义色彩，译文多采用带介词短语被动句或Have型被动句等。因此，在翻译这类特殊的汉语保留宾语被动句的过程中，不应局限于一种固定的对应模式，应结合句法结构和语义特征等方面灵活处理。

目录

声明

摘要

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Abbreviations

Chapter One Introduction

1．1 Research Background

1．2 Significance of the Research

1．3 Organization of the Paper

Chapter Two Literature Review

2．1 Chinese Passive Construcfions

2．1．1 The development of Chinese passives

2．1．2 The syntactic analysis of Chinese passive constructions

2．1．3 The semantic features of Chinese passive constructions

2．2 English Passive Constructions

2．2．1 The development of English passives

2．2．2 The syntactic anaIysis of English passive constructions

2．2．3 The semantic features of English passive constructions

2．3 The Comparison between Chinese and English Passives

2．4 On the English Translation of Chinese Passive Constructions

2．4．1 Chinese-English translation of Chinese passives

2．4．2 Chinese passives in English-Chinese translation texts

2．4．3 Translation of Chinese passives in the four Chinese classical novels

2．4．4 Translation of Chinese retained-object passives

2．5 Summary

Chapter Three Theoretical Foundation

3．1 Case Theory in Syntactic Analysis of Passive Constructions

3．2 Semantic Prosody in Semantic Analysis of Passive Constructions

3．3 Summary

Chapter Four Research Methodology

4．1 Research Questions

4．2 Research Instruments

4．2．1 Corpus Word Parser

4．2．2 AntCone3．2．4 and Transmate 7．3

4．3 The Corpora

4．3．1 Pool of Bilingual Parallel Corpora of Chinese Classics

4．3．2 The self-built parallel corpus

4．4 Research Procedures

4．5 Research Analysis

Chapter Five Analysis on Chinese Retained·object Passives in Corpora

5．1 The Definition of Chinese Retained-object Passives

5．2 The Distribution of Chinese Passive Markers in the Corpora

5．3 The Classification of Chinese Retained-object Passives in the Corpora

5．3．1 Idiomatic Chinese retained-object passives

5．3．2 Canonical Chinese retained-object passives

5．4 Syntactic Analysis of Chinese Retained-object Passives

5．5 Semantic Features of Chinese Retained-object Passives

Chapter Six English Translation of Chinese Retained-object Passives

6．1 Three Main Forms for Translating Chinese Retained-object Passives

6．1．1 Translation into English passive structures

6．1．2 Translation into English non-passive structures

6．1．3 Omission in the translation

6．2 Syntactic Analysis of the English Structures in Translation

6．3 Semantic Features of the English Structures in Translation

6．3．1 Semantic features of English passive structures

6．3．2 Semantic features of English non-passive structures

6．4 Discussion

Chapter Seven Conelusion

7．1 Major Findings

7．2 Implications and Limitations

7．3 Suggestions for Further Research

Acknowledgements

References

Appendix