Devices and methods related to a graphene oxide-based membrane are provided. A method comprises immersing graphene oxide-based layers in a water-based solution, stirring the water-based solution in a swirling motion until the graphene oxide-based layers each physically curve, adding a crosslinker to the water-based solution to cause the formation of saccate graphene oxide-based cells that are connected to each other via channels, and stacking the saccate graphene oxide-based cells on a substrate to form a graphene oxide-based membrane.
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