We consider a space–time variational formulation for linear parabolic partial differential equations. We introduce an associated Petrov–Galerkin truth finite element discretization with favorable discrete inf-sup constant β[subscript δ]:β[subscript δ] is unity for the heat equation; β[subscript δ] grows only linearly in time for non-coercive (but asymptotically stable) convection operators. The latter in turn permits effective long-time a posteriori error bounds for reduced basis approximations, in sharp contrast to classical (pessimistic) exponentially growing energy estimates.
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