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5-HTTLPR expression outside the skin: An experimental test of the emotional reactivity hypothesis in children

机译:皮肤外的5-HTTLPR表达:儿童情绪反应假说的实验测试

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摘要

Background: There is increasing evidence that variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 (i.e., the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism) moderates the impact of environmental stressors on child psychopathology. Emotional reactivity −the intensity of an individual’s response to other’s emotions− has been put forward as a possible mechanism underlying these gene-by-environment interactions (i.e., G×E). Compared to children homozygous for the L-allele (LL-genotypes), children carrying an S-allele (SS/SL-genotypes), specifically when they have been frequently exposed to negative emotions in the family environment, might be more emotionally reactive and therefore more susceptible to affective environmental stressors. However, the association between 5-HTTLPR and emotional reactivity in children has not yet been empirically tested. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test this association in a large-scale experiment. Methods: Children (N = 521, 52.5% boys, Mage = 9.72 years) were genotyped and randomly assigned to happy, angry or neutral dynamic facial expressions and vocalizations. Motor and affective emotional reactivity were assessed through children’s self-reported negative and positive affect (n = 460) and facial electromyography activity (i.e., fEMG: the zygomaticus or "smile" muscle and the corrugator or "frown" muscle, n = 403). Parents reported on their negative and positive parenting behaviors. Results: Children mimicked and experienced the emotion they were exposed to. However, neither motor reactivity nor affective reactivity to these emotions depended on children’s 5-HTTLPR genotype: SS/SL-genotypes did not manifest any stronger response to emotional stimuli than LL-genotypes. This finding remained the same when taking the broader family environment into account, controlling for kinship, age, gender and genetic ancestry, and when including a tri-allelic factor. Conclusions: We found no evidence for an association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and children’s emotional reactivity. This finding is important, in discounting one potential underlying endophenotype of G×E between the 5-HTTLPR and affective environmental stressors.
机译:背景:越来越多的证据表明,血清素转运蛋白基因SLC6A4(即5-HTTLPR多态性)的启动子区域的变异可减轻环境压力因素对儿童心理病理的影响。情绪反应-一个人对他人情绪的反应强度-已被提出为这些基因-环境相互作用(即G×E)的潜在机制。与纯合L等位基因(LL基因型)的儿童相比,携带S等位基因(SS / SL基因型)的儿童,特别是当他们经常在家庭环境中遭受负面情绪时,可能在情感上更加活跃,因此更容易受到情感环境压力的影响。但是,尚未对5-HTTLPR和儿童情绪反应之间的关联进行经验测试。因此,本研究的目的是在大规模实验中测试这种关联。方法:对儿童(N = 521,男孩52.5%,法师= 9.72岁)进行基因分型,并随机分配给快乐,愤怒或中性的动态面部表情和发声。通过儿童自我报告的负面和正面影响(n = 460)和面部肌电图活动(即,fEMG:肌或“微笑”肌肉和皱纹肌或“皱眉”肌肉,n = 403)评估运动和情感情绪反应性。父母报告了他们的负面和正面养育行为。结果:儿童模仿并经历了他们所接触的情感。但是,对这些情绪的运动反应性和情感反应性都不依赖于儿童的5-HTTLPR基因型:SS / SL基因型没有表现出比LL基因型更强的对情绪刺激的反应。当考虑到更广泛的家庭环境,控制亲属关系,年龄,性别和遗传血统以及包括三等位基因因素时,这一发现仍然是相同的。结论:我们没有发现5-HTTLPR多态性与儿童情绪反应之间存在关联的证据。这一发现对于消除5-HTTLPR和情感环境应激源之间潜在的G×E潜在内表型很重要。

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