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Functional diversity of microbial communities in pristine aquifers inferred by PLFA- and sequencing-based approaches

机译:通过pLFa和基于测序的方法推断原始含水层中微生物群落的功能多样性

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摘要

Microorganisms in groundwater play an important role in aquifer biogeochemical cycles and water quality. However, the mechanisms linking the functional diversity of microbial populations and the groundwater physicochemistry are still not well understood due to the complexity of interactions between surface and subsurface. Here, we used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) relative abundances to link specific biochemical markers within the microbial communities to the spatio-temporal changes of the groundwater physicochemistry. PLFAs were isolated from groundwater of two physicochemically distinct aquifer assemblages in central Germany (Thuringia). The functional diversities of the microbial communities were mainly correlated with groundwater chemistry, including dissolved O2, Fet and NH4+ concentrations. Abundances of PLFAs derived from eukaryotes and potential nitrite oxidizing bacteria (11MeC16:0 as biomarker for Nitrospira moscoviensis) were high at sites with elevated O2 concentration where groundwater recharge supplies both bioavailable organic substrates and NH4+ needed to sustain heterotrophic growth and nitrification processes. In anoxic groundwaters more rich in Fet, PLFAs abundant in sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB), iron-reducing bacteria and fungi increased with Fet and HCO3− concentrations suggesting the occurrence of active iron-reduction and the possible role of fungi in meditating iron solubilisation and transport in those aquifer domains. In NH4+ richer anoxic groundwaters, anammox bacteria and SRB- derived PLFAs increased with NH4+ concentration further evidencing the dependence of the anammox process on ammonium concentration and potential links between SRB and anammox bacteria. Additional support of the PLFA-based bacterial communities was found in DNA and RNA-based Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, which evidenced high predominance of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira e.g. Nitrospira moscoviensis in oxic zones of the aquifers and of anammox bacteria in NH4+ richer anoxic groundwater. Higher relative abundances of sequence reads in the RNA-based data sets affiliated with iron-reducing bacteria in Fet richer groundwater supported the occurrence of active dissimilatory iron-reduction. The functional diversity of the microbial communities in these biogeochemically distinct groundwater assemblages can be largely attributed to the redox conditions linked to changes in bioavailable substrates and input of substrates with the seepage. Our results demonstrate the power of complementary information derived from PLFA-based and sequencing-based approaches.
机译:地下水中的微生物在含水层生物地球化学循环和水质中起着重要作用。然而,由于地表与地下之间相互作用的复杂性,将微生物种群功能多样性与地下水物理化学联系起来的机制仍未得到很好的理解。在这里,我们使用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)的相对丰度将微生物群落中的特定生化标志物与地下水物理化学的时空变化联系起来。 PLFA是从德国中部(图林根州)两个物理化学上不同的含水层组合的地下水中分离出来的。微生物群落的功能多样性主要与地下水化学相关,包括溶解的O2,Fet和NH4 +浓度。真核生物和潜在的亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(11MeC16:0作为莫斯科硝化螺旋藻的生物标志物)衍生的PLFA含量很高,在O2浓度升高的地方,地下水补给提供了可生物利用的有机底物和维持异养生长和硝化过程所需的NH4 +。在富含Fet的缺氧地下水中,富含硫酸盐还原细菌(SRB),还原铁细菌和真菌的PLFAs随着Fet和HCO3-浓度的增加而增加,表明发生了有效的铁还原作用,并且真菌在铁的增溶和解毒中可能起着作用。在那些含水层域中运输。在富含NH4 +的缺氧地下水中,厌氧细菌和SRB衍生的PLFA随着NH4 +浓度的增加而增加,这进一步证明了厌氧氨水工艺对铵浓度以及SRB和厌氧细菌之间潜在联系的依赖性。在细菌的16S rRNA基因的基于DNA和RNA的Illumina MiSeq扩增子测序中发现了基于PLFA的细菌群落的其他支持,这证明了亚硝酸盐氧化细菌Nitrospira的优势很大,例如。在富含NH4 +的缺氧地下水中,含水层和厌氧细菌的氧化区中的Motrovitro Nitrospira moscoviensis。在富含Fet的地下水中,与铁还原细菌相关的基于RNA的数据集中较高的序列读取相对丰度支持了主动异化铁还原的发生。在这些生物地球化学上不同的地下水组合中,微生物群落的功能多样性在很大程度上可归因于氧化还原条件,该条件与生物可利用基质的变化以及渗透引起的基质输入有关。我们的结果证明了从基于PLFA和基于测序的方法中获得的补充信息的力量。

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