Soudure de pieces métalliques par diffusion d'une phase liquide transitoire

摘要

The main scientific activities carried out in this thesis includes: The structural characterization by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), microstructure analysis by electron microscopy (SEM and EBSD), chemical analysis (EDS and EPMA) and mechanical testing - tensile and hardness tests - of the joints of bonded carbon steel parts by means of the Transient Liquid Phase Bonding (TLPB) process, using as filler materials amorphous ribbons of Fe-B and Fe-Si-B systems, and Cu foils.The TLPB bonded joints were obtained by heating the assembly to a temperature of 1300ºC, which is maintained for 7 min, at the same time a pressure of 5 MPa is applied.The results obtained both by SEM and EBSD show that when amorphous Fe-Si-B ribbons are used as filler material, at the joint of the bonded parts a microstructure consisting of ferrite grains is observed, in contrast with ferritic-pearlitic microstructure at the heat affected zone (HAZ).The ferrite grains at the joint are not generally shared with those of the HAZ, and are clearly delimited by grain boundaries. The composition profiles obtained both by EDS and EPMA show that the joint is enriched in Si and is depleted in Mn. During cooling, this microsegregation of Mn and Si produced by the TLPB makes the joint a region where ferrite is formed prematurely at austenite grains boundaries of the HAZ. Afterwards, the austenite of the HAZ transforms to form a ferritic/pearlitic microstructure, which contrasts with that of the joint. The tensile tests of specimens from the bonded parts show that the fracture occurs in the HAZ, far from the junction. Hardness measurements both at the joint and at the HAZ are consistent with the observed microstructures.A complementary study at the joint was carried out where the isothermal solidification completion was not achieved. During cooling, at a first stage the phase which solidifies is the same than that during the TLPB process. Finally, the appearance of other phases takes place. The metastable phase Fe23B6 was detected by X-Ray microdiffraction (ID27, ESRF at Grenoble).When amorphous Fe-B ribbons are used as filler material, there is no clear distinction between the microstructure at the joint and at the HAZ. The ferrite grains at the joint are shared with those of the HAZ, and epitaxial solidification of these grains can be visualized from the grains of the HAZ.When tensile tested, the bonded parts attain at least 88% of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the base metal. In this case, fracture occurred at the joint, although the values of hardness correspond to those expected for the observed microstructures.Finally, when Cu foils are used as filler material, the microstructure observed at the joint is similar to that of the HAZ. Close to the outer surface, porosity due to Kirkendall effect is observed (the Cu of the joint diffuses into the base metal faster than the Fe into the joint, which generates a flow of vacancies towards the joint, thus developing porosity). This effect is less pronounced (less porosity) away from the outer surface where the pressure at the joint is larger. This indicates the high sensitivity of the Kirkendall effect with pressure. The tensile test shows that the joint attains at least 85% of the UTS of the base metal, and that it fails at the joint. The latter is related to the abundance of secondary phases due to an incomplete isothermal solidification (these areas - with lower strength compared with the base metal - fail before under traction, which reduces the effective area during the test, resulting in an overload failure). Hardness measurements at the joint and at the HAZ are consistent with the observed microstructres.