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The analysis of Caffeine in oral fluid using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

机译:表面增强拉曼光谱和高效液相色谱法分析口腔液中的咖啡因

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摘要

Surface-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a technique that is preferred over conventional Raman spectroscopy. The main advantage of SERS is that the intensity of the Raman signal is enhanced up to 104 to 106 fold thus allowing low concentrations of the analyte to be detected. The use of oral fluid for detecting drugs of abuse is increasing in popularity as the methods of collecting saliva are not as invasive as other biological fluids (blood or urine). As SERS can detect low limits of substances, the use of this technique coupled with the analysis of oral fluid for the detection of drugs is becoming popular. This technique could have applications in roadside testing, drug testing and medical care. The constant appearance of caffeine present in new psychoactive substances is becoming increasingly common. There are a lot of the drugs that are being sold on the market that only contain caffeine rather than the stated drug. A market is opening up for the detection of drugs in saliva using a rapid portable testing kit. This work focuses on the analysis of caffeine as it is a common adulterant that it found in illegal and legal drugs of abuse. A reproducible silver colloid with strong surface-enhancement and good shelf life was used to optimise a method capable of analysing caffeine. The colloid was produced by the reduction of silver nitrate with hydroxylamine phosphate. An optimised SERS method was developed that was capable of detecting caffeine in methanolic solutions, however when analysing caffeine in saliva there were problems that meant a spectrum could not be obtained. A HPLC method was developed for the quantification of caffeine. The HPLC method was successfully able to detect and quantify caffeine in saliva using 8 independent participants, the participants were asked to go 24 hours without any form of caffeine, and they were then required to give a saliva sample before and after the consumption of caffeine. The caffeine concentrations ranged between 1.51-1.94 μg/mL. The HPLC results show that caffeine was present at levels that should have been detected by the SERS method. Further investigation is needed to determine why SERS couldn’t detect caffeine in saliva; this could be due to other substances present in saliva.
机译:表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)是一种优于常规拉曼光谱的技术。 SERS的主要优点是拉曼信号的强度提高了104到106倍,因此可以检测到低浓度的分析物。由于收集唾液的方法不像其他生物液体(血液或尿液)那样具有侵入性,因此使用口服液来检测滥用药物的情况越来越普遍。由于SERS可以检测到低限的物质,因此这种技术与口腔液分析相结合以检测药物的方法正变得越来越普遍。该技术可以在路边测试,药物测试和医疗保健中应用。新的精神活性物质中咖啡因的不断出现变得​​越来越普遍。市场上出售的许多药物仅含有咖啡因而不是所述药物。使用快速便携式测试套件检测唾液中药物的市场正在打开。这项工作着重分析咖啡因,因为它是在非法和合法滥用药物中发现的常见掺假物。具有强表面增强性和良好保存期限的可复制银胶体用于优化能够分析咖啡因的方法。通过用磷酸羟胺还原硝酸银来产生胶体。开发了一种优化的SERS方法,该方法能够检测甲醇溶液中的咖啡因,但是在分析唾液中的咖啡因时,存在一些问题,这意味着无法获得光谱。开发了一种HPLC方法来定量咖啡因。高效液相色谱法成功地使用8名独立参与者检测并定量了唾液中的咖啡因,要求参与者在不使用任何形式咖啡因的情况下进行24小时检测,然后要求他们在摄入咖啡因之前和之后提供唾液样本。咖啡因的浓度在1.51-1.94μg/ mL之间。 HPLC结果表明,咖啡因的含量应通过SERS方法进行检测。需要进一步调查以确定SERS为什么无法检测唾液中的咖啡因;这可能是由于唾液中存在其他物质所致。

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  • 作者

    Andrew Kayleigh;

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  • 年度 2016
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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 en
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