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Are apes essentialists? Scope and limits of psychological essentialism in great apes

机译:猿是本质主义者吗?大猩猩心理本质主义的范围和局限性

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摘要

Human reasoning is characterized by psychological essentialism (Gelman, 2003): when reasoning about objects we distinguish between deep essential properties defining the object’s kind and identity, and merely superficial features that can be changed without altering the object’s identity. To date, it is unclear whether psychological essentialism is based on the acquisition of linguistic means (such as kind terms) and therefore uniquely human, or whether it is a more fundamental cognitive capacity which might be present also in the absence of language. In the present study, we addressed this question by testing whether, and if so, under which circumstances non-human apes also rely on psychological essentialism to identify objects. For this purpose, we adapted classical verbal transformation scenarios used in research on psychological essentialism (Keil, 1989), and implemented them in two nonverbal tasks: first, a box task, typically used to test object individuation (Experiment 1), and second, an object choice task, typically used to test object discrimination, object preferences and logical inferences (Experiments 2-4). Taken together, the results of the four experiments suggest that under suitable circumstances (when memory and other task demands are minimized), great apes engage in basic forms of essentialist reasoning. Psychological essentialism is thus possible also in the absence of language.
机译:人类推理的特征是心理本质主义(Gelman,2003年):当对对象进行推理时,我们将定义对象的种类和身份的深层本质属性与仅可以改变而不改变对象的身份的肤浅特征区分开来。迄今为止,尚不清楚心理学的本质主义是基于获得语言手段(例如客气用语)并因此是人类唯一的基础,还是它是否是一种更基本的认知能力,是否也可以在没有语言的情况下表现出来。在本研究中,我们通过测试是否以及是否在这种情况下非人猿也依靠心理本质主义来识别对象来解决这个问题。为此,我们改编了用于心理本质主义研究的经典言语转换场景(Keil,1989),并在两个非语言任务中实现了这些任务:首先是通常用于测试对象个性化的盒装任务(实验1),其次,对象选择任务,通常用于测试对象区分,对象偏好和逻辑推理(实验2-4)。综上所述,这四个实验的结果表明,在适当的情况下(当记忆和其他任务需求最小化时),大猿类会从事本质主义推理的基本形式。因此,在没有语言的情况下,心理本质主义也是可能的。

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