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Assessment of sources of heavy metals in soil and dust at children's playgrounds in Beijing using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis

机译:利用GIS和多元统计分析评估北京儿童游乐场的土壤和灰尘的尘埃来源

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摘要

Potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment. Risk-based environmental management relies upon identifying pollution sources, pathways, and the exposed population. In a Chinese urban setting, many residents live in high-rise buildings without private gardens. Therefore, the main residential risk of exposure to contaminated soils and dusts may be associated with public open spaces. As children are the most vulnerable receptor, playgrounds represent an important yet often overlooked exposure point. The present study assessed plausible sources of heavy metals at children's playgrounds in a representative metropolitan environment. Soil and equipment dust samples were collected from 71 playgrounds across Beijing, which were analyzed for 11 different heavy metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the latent constructs which control heavy metal variability and reflect potential sources. Cluster analysis (CA) was conducted to group sampled locations, which provided further insights on plausible sources. The main factors extracted from the PCA were then subject to geostatistical analysis. The systematic combination of GIS with multivariate statistical analysis proved valuable for elucidating anthropogenic and natural sources. Elevated Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As in playground soils were found to derive mainly from the natural background (spatial autocorrelation = 2 km), while elevated Cu and Pb was attributed to traffic activities (spatial autocorrelation = 17 km), especially along the routes of Beijing's inner ring-roads, the major roads toward the northwest and northeast, and the international airport. These results suggest that heavy metals in playground equipment dust may derive mainly from atmospheric deposition of air pollution of both natural and anthropogenic origin (spatial autocorrelation = 11–13 km). Among them, Be, V, Mn, Co, Cu, As, Pb were attributed to atmospheric pollution deriving from the north of Beijing, brought by the prevailing northern wind in the winter season; whereas, Cr and Ni may possibly be brought from the southeast by the summer season winds. Knowledge of anthropogenic vs. natural origins of heavy metals in playgrounds is critical in assessing health impact and designing policy instruments for metropolitan areas. Keywords: Heavy metals, GIS, Atmospheric deposition, Air pollution, Soil contamination
机译:潜在的有毒元素如重金属在环境中普遍存在。基于风险的环境管理依赖识别污染源,途径和暴露的人口。在中国城市环境中,许多居民住在没有私人花园的高层建筑中。因此,暴露于受污染的土壤和粉尘的主要住宅风险可能与公共开放空间有关。随着孩子们是最脆弱的受体,操场代表一个重要但经常被忽视的曝光点。本研究评估了在代表大都市环境中儿童操场上的重金属的合理来源。土壤和设备粉尘样本从北京的71个游乐场收集,分析了11种不同的重金属。主要成分分析(PCA)用于识别控制重金属变异性和反射潜在来源的潜在构造。对集群分析(CA)进行对分组的采样地点,这提供了对合理来源的进一步见解。然后从PCA提取的主要因素受到地统计分析。 GIS具有多元统计分析的GIS的系统组合证明了阐明人为和天然来源的价值。升高的是,v,cr,mn,co,ni,因为在操场上发现主要来自自然背景(空间自相关= 2km),而升高的Cu和Pb归因于交通活动(空间自相关= 17km ),特别是沿着北京内部环路的路线,主要道路向西北部和东北部和国际机场。这些结果表明,操场设备灰尘中的重金属主要来自天然和人为源性的空气污染大气沉积(空间自相关= 11-13km)。其中,V,Mn,Co,Cu,因为,Pb归因于北京北部的大气污染,由冬季的盛行的北风带来;虽然,Cr和Ni可能会被夏季风从东南部带来。在操场上的人为与重金属的自然起源知识对于评估大都市地区的健康影响和设计政策工具至关重要。关键词:重金属,GIS,大气沉积,空气污染,土壤污染

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