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中国户外旅游回顾与展望——基于外国学者视角①

机译:中国户外旅游回顾与展望——基于外国学者视角①

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摘要

In this contribution I provide a foreigner’s perspective on the growth and development of outdoor tourism in China over the past three decades or more. This is the perspective of someone who does not speak Chinese, but who has been privileged to visit some of China’s outstanding outdoor tourism destinations over an extended period, and observe social, economic and environmental changes as they took place. A foreigner’s perspective is always more limited than that of Chinese scholars, but it may still provide a useful counterpart. I describe three main historical phases. The first took place in the 1980s, before the development of large scale domestic or inbound international tourism. I provide some historical anecdotes which may be of interest to Chinese university students. The second phase was the gradual opening of China to international inbound tourism, and its inclusion as a favoured destination by global tourists. The third phase has two components: the enormous growth of Chinese domestic tourism, largely in cultural and economic isolation from the international tourism industry; and the simultaneous growth of Chinese outbound tourism, closely linked to the international industry. China now has a very large domestic outdoor tourism sector, and a much smaller but nonetheless significant international inbound sector. The former includes: visits to scenic parks, nature reserves, forest reserves, and traditional cultural sites; specialist Chinese adventure activities such as piaoliuziyou; and internationally widespread outdoor mountain activities such as trekking and mountaineering, and outdoor coastal activities such as surfing and kiteboarding. The latter includes, e.g., climbing Mt. Everest from the northern side; rafting in Tibet, Yunnan and Szechuan; off- road and bicycle tours, and riverboat cruises. From a research perspective, the key issue for foreigners is that whilst many Chinese scholars can read English, and many International publications are translated to Chinese, the reverse does not apply: few foreigners are familiar with the Chinese language, and hence with the Chinese academic literature. From a foreign researcher’s perspective, therefore, cooperative projects with Chinese colleagues are of enormous value. As regards research topics in outdoor tourism, there are three broad approaches which can perhaps prove valuable in future. The first is to ensure that innovations in the international literature are also applied in China, as immediately as possible. That is, China should benefit from global research, and China should be included in international comparative studies. That can only occur if relevant research in China is published in internationally accessible journals. The second is that since China now forms a very large component in global tourism, as well as in the world economy and population more broadly, it is critical for foreign researchers that they can gain access to Chinese research findings. Foreign researchers understand that outdoor tourism in China is influenced by scale, history and culture, but they are not yet in a position to follow how those factors influence the many rapid changes occurring within the Chinese domestic tourism sector. We would like to know more, and understand better. As just one example, China now has a surf tourism subsector. Where does that fit into the international surfing industry? The third is that as more and more Chinese outdoor tourists travel overseas, their culturally driven expectations may not always match what international tourism enterprises provide. Chinese clients are influencing the outdoor tourism industry in other countries; and when they return home, they may also influence the outdoor tourism industry within China. The role of tourism in these cultural exchanges and interactions provides fascinating opportunities for social science research at present.
机译:在这一贡献中,我在过去三十年或以上,我提供了对中国户外旅游的增长和发展的看法。这是一个不会说中文的人的观点,但是众所周知,谁一直在延长时期访问一些中国优秀的户外旅游目的地,并在发生时观察社会,经济和环境变化。外国人的观点总是比中国学者更受限,但它仍然可能提供有用的对应物。我描述了三个主要的历史阶段。第一次发生在20世纪80年代,在发展大规模国内或入境国际旅游业之前。我提供一些可能对中国大学生感兴趣的历史轶事。第二阶段是中国向国际入境旅游的逐步开放,并将其作为全球游客作为受欢迎的目的地。第三阶段有两个组成部分:中国国内旅游的巨大增长,主要来自国际旅游业的文化和经济孤立;和中国出境旅游的同时增长,与国际产业密切相关。中国现在拥有一个非常大的国内户外旅游部门,还有一个小得多,但仍然大量的国际入境部门。前者包括:访问风景公园,自然保护区,森林储备和传统文化遗址;专家中国冒险活动,如Piaoliuziyou;和国际广泛的户外山区活动,如徒步旅行和登山,以及冲浪和风筝冲浪等户外沿海活动。后者包括,例如,攀登山。从北侧珠穆朗玛峰;西藏,云南和三川漂流;越野和自行车之旅和河船游轮。从研究的角度来看,外国人的关键问题是,虽然许多中国学者可以读取英语,但许多国际出版物被翻译给中国人,逆转不适用:少数外国人熟悉汉语,因此与中国学术有关文学。因此,来自外国研究员的观点,中国同事的合作项目具有巨大的价值。关于户外旅游中的研究主题,有三种广泛的方法可以在未来证明有价值。首先是确保国际文学中的创新也适用于中国,尽可能立即应用。也就是说,中国应该从全球研究中受益,中国应该被列入国际比较研究。只有在中国相关研究出版的国际无障碍期刊上只会出现这种情况。其次是,由于中国现在在全球旅游中形成一个非常大的组成部分,以及更广泛的世界经济和人口,对外国研究人员来说至关重要,他们可以获得中国的研究结果。外国研究人员了解中国的户外旅游受规模,历史和文化的影响,但他们尚未遵循这些因素如何影响中国国内旅游部门的许多快速变化。我们想了解更多,了解更好。就像一个例子一样,中国现在有一个冲浪旅游分部。这适合国际冲浪行业吗?第三是,随着中国户外游客在海外旅行的越来越多,他们的文化驱动的期望可能并不总是符合国际旅游企业提供的。中国客户正在影响其他国家的户外旅游业;当他们回到家时,他们也可能影响中国户外旅游业。旅游业在这些文化交流和互动中的作用为现在提供了社会科学研究的迷人机会。

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    Ralf BUCKLEY;

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  • 年度 2016
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