Recovery Plan for Seven Coastal Plants and the Myrtle's Silverspot Butterfly

摘要

Seven plants and one invertebrate animal from the coastal dunes of northern and central California are considered in this recovery plan. Myrtles silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) and six ofthe plants Chorizanthe howeliji (Howells spineflower), Chorizanthe valida (Sonoma spineflower), Erysimum menziesii (Menzies wallflower), Gilia tenuflora ssp. arenaria (Monterey gilia), Layja carnosa (beach layia), and Lupinus tidestromii (Tidestroms lupine) were listed as endangered on June 22, 1992 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1992). Chorizanihe pungens var. pungens (Monterey spineflower) was listed as threatened on February 4, 1994 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1994). The plants are restricted to foredune and dune scrub communities and adjacent sandy habitats occupied by coastal scrub or coastal prairie. The butterfly occurs in coastal grasslands and scrub, both in marine terraces and in stabilized coastal sand dunes. The primary threats to the seven plant species, the silverspot butterfly, and its larval food plant, are competition from invasive non-native plant species, commercial and residential development, off-road vehicle (ORV) use, other recreational uses, and cattle grazing. In addition, Myrtles silverspot butterfly is threatened by overcollecting.